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Related Concept Videos

Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases are present in both eukaryotes and bacteria. Though eukaryotes have 20 different aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases to couple to 20 amino acids, many bacteria do not have genes for all of these aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Despite this, they still use all 20 amino acids to synthesize their proteins. For instance, some bacteria do not have the gene encoding the enzyme that couples glutamine with its partner tRNA. In these organisms, one enzyme adds glutamic acid to all of the...
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Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
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Lumber defects, which can affect both the appearance and structural integrity of wood, include a variety of growth and manufacturing flaws. Growth defects such as knots and knotholes occur where branches were once attached to the tree trunk, with knotholes forming when these knots fall out. Other natural defects include decay and insect damage, which compromise the wood's strength and durability.
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One of the unique features of tRNA is the presence of modified bases. In some tRNAs, modified bases account for nearly 20% of the total bases in the molecule. Altogether, these unusual bases protect the tRNA from enzymatic degradation by RNases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

In vitro tRNA Methylation Assay with the Entamoeba histolytica DNA and tRNA Methyltransferase Dnmt2 Ehmeth Enzyme
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tRNA Methyltransferase Defects and Intellectual Disability.

Seyedeh Sedigheh Abedini1, Kimia Kahrizi1, Lluis Ribas de Pouplana2,3

  • 1Genetics Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Archives of Iranian Medicine
|November 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Transfer RNA (tRNA) modifications are vital for cellular function. Defects in tRNA methyltransferases, enzymes essential for these modifications, are linked to intellectual disability (ID).

Keywords:
Intellectual disabilityMethylationtRNA methyltransferasetRNA modification

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules require extensive post-transcriptional modifications to become mature and functional.
  • Over 100 modified nucleosides exist in tRNAs, crucial for translational efficiency, stability, and fidelity.
  • Methylation is the most common tRNA modification, carried out by tRNA methyltransferases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the biological function and characteristics of tRNA methyltransferases implicated in intellectual disability (ID).
  • To elucidate the mechanisms by which disrupted tRNA methyltransferase function leads to ID phenotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tRNA modifications and associated enzymes.
  • Analysis of studies linking tRNA methyltransferase defects to human diseases, particularly ID.
  • Focus on the functional characterization of specific tRNA methyltransferases relevant to neurological disorders.

Main Results:

  • tRNA methyltransferases play a critical role in maintaining tRNA integrity and function.
  • Deficiencies in tRNA methyltransferase activity are associated with various human diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and neurological disorders.
  • Specific tRNA methyltransferases are directly linked to the pathogenesis of intellectual disability.

Conclusions:

  • Functional disruption of tRNA methyltransferases can directly cause intellectual disability.
  • Understanding these enzymes is crucial for diagnosing and potentially treating ID.
  • Further research into tRNA methyltransferases offers insights into fundamental biological processes and disease mechanisms.