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Certain drugs can affect how neurotransmitters called catecholamines, are released or taken back up in the adrenergic neuron. They can have different effects on the body's sympathetic transmission. Reserpine, a natural compound found in the Rauwolfia shrub, blocks a transporter called vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT), which leads to a buildup of catecholamines in the cell and reduces sympathetic transmission. Another drug called guanethidine works in multiple ways, including blocking...
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug delivery systems for programmed and on-demand release.

Pooya Davoodi1, Lai Yeng Lee2, Qingxing Xu3

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore.

Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
|November 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Advanced drug delivery systems offer precise control over medication release, improving therapeutic efficacy for various diseases. Innovations in fabrication and remote control enable on-demand drug delivery for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
3D printingDrug delivery systemsMicro-/nano-carriersOn-demand releaseProgrammed drug delivery

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Materials Science
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Understanding drug biodistribution and pharmacokinetics is crucial for effective therapeutic agent delivery.
  • Traditional drug carriers offer limited control over drug release kinetics.
  • Novel materials and fabrication technologies are essential for developing advanced drug delivery systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current and emerging techniques for fabricating advanced drug delivery systems.
  • To explore methods for remotely controlling drug release from these systems.
  • To highlight the role of new technologies like 3D printing in drug delivery innovation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of scientific literature on drug delivery systems, fabrication techniques, and control mechanisms.
  • Analysis of "programmed" and "on-demand" drug delivery approaches.
  • Discussion of emerging technologies such as 3D printing for system fabrication.

Main Results:

  • Novel drug carriers enable precise control over drug release timing and dosage.
  • "Programmed" systems offer tunable release rates, while "on-demand" systems allow external control.
  • Advanced fabrication techniques and remote control enhance therapeutic predictability and reliability.

Conclusions:

  • Modern drug delivery research focuses on sophisticated systems for precise therapeutic agent administration.
  • Programmed and on-demand approaches represent significant advancements over traditional methods.
  • Emerging technologies like 3D printing are poised to revolutionize the design and application of controllable drug delivery systems.