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Related Concept Videos

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome I: Introduction

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Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of heart conditions caused by sudden obstruction of coronary arteries, typically resulting from the rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque and subsequent thrombus (blood clot) formation. This obstruction can lead to partial or complete blockage of blood flow, causing varying degrees of myocardial ischemia or infarction.ACS includes the following clinical entities:Unstable Angina (UA)Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (NSTEMI)ST-Elevation...
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction01:17

Irritable Bowel Syndrome I: Introduction

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Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is characterized by functional disturbances in the gastrointestinal system, presenting a cluster of symptoms without evident structural or biochemical abnormalities. It primarily affects the large intestine and may cause abdominal pain, bloating, excessive gas, diarrhea, constipation, or both.
IBS is a chronic condition that can persist over a long period or recur frequently.
The pathogenesis of IBS involves a complex interplay of the following factors:
Altered...
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Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors01:27

Restless Leg Syndrome and Night Terrors

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Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS), also known as Willis-Ekbom disease, is a neurological disorder characterized by an uncontrollable urge to move the legs due to uncomfortable sensations. These sensations typically occur during periods of rest or inactivity, particularly when lying down or sitting, and can severely disrupt sleep.
The exact cause of RLS is not fully understood, but it is believed to involve dopamine, a neurotransmitter that helps regulate muscle movement. Imbalances in dopamine levels...
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Acute Coronary Syndrome V: Nursing Management01:26

Acute Coronary Syndrome V: Nursing Management

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Nursing Assessment:Nursing management of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) involves taking the patient's history, focusing on primary complaints such as chest pain, dyspnea, and excessive sweating (diaphoresis), as well as other symptoms like back or jaw pain, nausea, vomiting, palpitations, dizziness, and fatigue. The nurse also reviews the patient's history of cardiac events, risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, smoking, family history, and current medications.In the objective assessment,...
327
Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management

240
IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Conscious and Non-conscious Representations of Emotional Faces in Asperger's Syndrome
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[Tourette Syndrome].

Yu Hamamoto1, Yukiko Kano

  • 1Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center.

Brain and Nerve = Shinkei Kenkyu No Shinpo
|November 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder. Recent evidence suggests neurological underpinnings, involving genetics and environmental factors, leading to new treatments like deep brain stimulation.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Genetics
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder.
  • Historically misclassified as psychogenic, TS is now recognized as heterogeneous.
  • Involves genetic and environmental factors, with neurotransmitter and circuit dysfunctions implicated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize current understanding of Tourette syndrome pathogenesis.
  • To highlight the shift from psychogenic to neurobiological models.
  • To discuss evolving treatment strategies for refractory cases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent evidence on TS.
  • Analysis of implicated neurobiological factors (neurotransmitters, brain circuits).
  • Examination of current and emerging treatment modalities.

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Main Results:

  • TS pathogenesis involves complex genetic and environmental interactions.
  • Dopamine pathways and cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuits are key.
  • Pharmacotherapy remains standard, with deep brain stimulation for refractory TS.

Conclusions:

  • Tourette syndrome is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder with identifiable biological bases.
  • Understanding these bases informs advanced treatment approaches.
  • Deep brain stimulation offers a new option for severe, treatment-resistant Tourette syndrome.