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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

The Impact of Motor Task Conditions on Goal-Directed Arm Reaching Kinematics and Trunk Compensation in Chronic Stroke Survivors
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Measuring Habitual Arm Use Post-stroke With a Bilateral Time-Constrained Reaching Task.

Sujin Kim1,2, Hyeshin Park1,3, Cheol E Han4

  • 1Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Neurology
|November 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The revised Bilateral Arm Reaching Test (BART) with time constraints accurately measures spontaneous arm use after stroke. This enhanced test shows strong reliability and validity for assessing arm recovery in individuals with hemiparesis.

Keywords:
arm usedecision makinghabitual choicehemiparesisstroke

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Area of Science:

  • Neurorehabilitation
  • Motor Recovery
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Spontaneous arm use is a key indicator of stroke recovery.
  • The Bilateral Arm Reaching Test (BART) previously quantified arm choice for stroke patients.
  • Time constraints were added to BART to enhance spontaneous decision-making in arm selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate a time-constrained version of the BART for improved clinical validity.
  • To assess the effect of time constraints on measuring more-affected arm use.
  • To determine the external validity and test-retest reliability of the time-based BART.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty-two individuals with mild to moderate hemiparesis participated.
  • The time-based BART was administered under three conditions: no constraint, medium, and fast.
  • Arm use was measured across three sessions, correlating BART results with the Actual Amount of Use Test (AAUT).

Main Results:

  • The fast time-constraint condition significantly reduced more-affected arm use compared to no constraint (P < 0.0001) and medium (P = 0.0006).
  • The fast condition demonstrated a strong correlation with the AAUT (r = 0.829, P < 0.001).
  • Excellent test-retest reliability was observed (ICC = 0.960, P < 0.0001).

Conclusions:

  • The revised BART with a fast time-restricted condition offers an objective measure of spontaneous arm use.
  • This method accurately and repeatably assesses arm use in stroke patients with hemiparesis.
  • The time-based BART enhances clinical validity for stroke recovery monitoring.