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Updated: Feb 2, 2026
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Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses
Published on: June 25, 2011
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Please stand by: how oncolytic viruses impact bystander cells
Leslee Sprague1,1, Lynne Braidwood2,2, Joe Conner2,2
1The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, Columbus, 43201 OH, USA.
Future Virology
|November 13, 2018
Summary
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) not only kill cancer cells but also trigger immune responses. This review explores their impact on uninfected cells, known as bystander effects, for improved cancer therapies.
Area of Science:
- Oncology
- Virology
- Immunology
Background:
- Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are engineered or naturally occurring viruses used in cancer therapy.
- Their primary mechanism involves infecting and lysing cancer cells, leading to viral replication and release.
- Emerging evidence suggests OVs also influence uninfected cells, impacting the overall therapeutic outcome.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the multifaceted effects of oncolytic viruses (OVs) beyond direct cell lysis.
- To discuss the significance of bystander effects mediated by OVs on uninfected cells.
- To explore the implications of these effects for current and future OV-based cancer treatment strategies, including combination therapies.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of studies investigating oncolytic virus mechanisms of action.
- Analysis of research focusing on OV-induced immune responses and indirect cellular effects.
- Synthesis of findings related to bystander effects in the context of cancer therapy.
Main Results:
- OVs induce both direct oncolysis and a potent antitumor immune response.
- Uninfected neighboring cells are affected by OVs through various mechanisms, collectively termed bystander effects.
- These bystander effects can enhance viral spread, modulate the tumor microenvironment, and prime anti-tumor immunity.
Conclusions:
- Oncolytic virus therapy encompasses direct viral activity and significant indirect immunological and cellular effects.
- Understanding and harnessing bystander effects is crucial for optimizing OV efficacy.
- Combination strategies involving OVs with chemotherapy or immunotherapy hold promise for enhanced cancer treatment outcomes.
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