Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Controller Configurations01:22

Controller Configurations

380
Controller configurations are crucial in a car's cruise control system because they manage speed over time to maintain a consistent pace regardless of road conditions, thereby meeting design goals. In traditional control systems, fixed-configuration design involves predetermined controller placement. System performance modifications are known as compensation.
Control-system compensation involves various configurations, most commonly series or cascade compensation, in which the controller...
380
Electron Configurations02:46

Electron Configurations

26.3K
Electron configurations and orbital diagrams can be determined by applying the Aufbau principle (each added electron occupies the subshell of lowest energy available), Pauli exclusion principle (no two electrons can have the same set of four quantum numbers), and Hund’s rule of maximum multiplicity (whenever possible, electrons retain unpaired spins in degenerate orbitals).
The relative energies of the subshells determine the order in which atomic orbitals are filled (1s, 2s, 2p, 3s, 3p,...
26.3K
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

65.0K
The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
65.0K
Configurations of BJT01:16

Configurations of BJT

1.1K
Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) are categorized into various types based on their configurations, each with distinct characteristics and applications. The configurations are primarily differentiated by which terminal—base, emitter, or collector—is common to both the input and output circuits.
The common base configuration is noted for its high voltage gain, positioning it as an ideal choice for single-stage amplifier circuits, such as microphone pre-amplifiers. A notable...
1.1K
Plastic Deformations01:19

Plastic Deformations

465
Plastic deformation represents a fundamental concept in materials science, which explains the irreversible change in the shape of a material when it experiences stress beyond its elastic capability. This phenomenon is important in structural engineering, especially in designing and analyzing cantilever beams—structures that are securely fixed at one end and bear loads at the opposite end. When these beams are subjected to loads within their elastic range, they will return to their...
465
Plastic Deformations01:14

Plastic Deformations

444
It is essential to understand how structural members behave under plastic deformation when the bending stress exceeds the material's yield strength. This state of deformation permanently alters the shape of the member, in contrast to the linear elastic behavior observed before yielding. The strain at any point in the member is expressed in terms of maximum strain. Notably, the neutral axis, which coincides with the centroid during elastic bending, shifts away from the centroid under plastic...
444

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The impact of the zero-waste city pilot policy on the synergistic reduction of COâ‚‚ and air pollutant emissions: evidence from China.

Frontiers in public health·2026
Same author

Conformal phase-transition hydrogel interfaces for high fidelity electrophysiological sensing and data-driven inference.

Soft matter·2026
Same author

Mechanically adaptive crack-resistant hydrogels based on strain-induced macroscopic phase separation and hierarchical energy dissipation.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Betaine induces ferroptotic stress by enhancing KEAP1-mediated NRF2 degradation in breast cancer cells.

Cellular signalling·2026
Same author

Efficacy of laparoscopic versus open surgery in malnourished patients with colorectal cancer.

Frontiers in nutrition·2026
Same author

3D Brachial Plexus Neurography With Variable-Rate Selective Excitation RF Pulses.

Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Control of Cell Adhesion using Hydrogel Patterning Techniques for Applications in Traction Force Microscopy
12:26

Control of Cell Adhesion using Hydrogel Patterning Techniques for Applications in Traction Force Microscopy

Published on: January 29, 2022

6.4K

Sequentially Controlled Deformations of Patterned Hydrogels into 3D Configurations with Multilevel Structures.

Peiyuan Ma1, Benfang Niu1, Ji Lin2

  • 1Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.

Macromolecular Rapid Communications
|November 13, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers created novel 3D self-shaping hydrogels using patterned materials. These smart hydrogels sequentially deform into complex multilevel structures, expanding possibilities for morphing materials.

Keywords:
hydrogelsmorphing materialsmultilevel structuresphotolithographysequential deformations

More Related Videos

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture
10:49

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

Published on: July 10, 2013

15.6K
Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging
07:41

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging

Published on: December 4, 2020

4.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Control of Cell Adhesion using Hydrogel Patterning Techniques for Applications in Traction Force Microscopy
12:26

Control of Cell Adhesion using Hydrogel Patterning Techniques for Applications in Traction Force Microscopy

Published on: January 29, 2022

6.4K
Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture
10:49

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

Published on: July 10, 2013

15.6K
Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging
07:41

Controlled Strain of 3D Hydrogels under Live Microscopy Imaging

Published on: December 4, 2020

4.1K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Soft Robotics

Background:

  • Self-shaping materials offer dynamic form changes.
  • Achieving complex, multilevel 3D structures in hydrogels remains a challenge.
  • Sequential deformation pathways are crucial for advanced material functionality.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel method for fabricating sequentially deforming patterned hydrogels.
  • To achieve multilevel 3D configurations in self-shaping hydrogels for the first time.
  • To explore the potential of these materials in diverse applications.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of periodically patterned single-layer hydrogels using multi-step photolithography with different polymers.
  • Inducing out-of-plane buckling via differential swelling of high-swelling and non-swelling gel compartments.
  • Further deformation into complex 3D shapes (dome, saddle, sandglass) using thermoresponsive gels at elevated temperatures.

Main Results:

  • Successfully created patterned hydrogels that undergo sequential deformations into multilevel 3D structures.
  • Demonstrated controlled buckling and shape transitions through engineered swelling properties and temperature stimuli.
  • Achieved high cooperativity in buckling, leading to predictable concave-convex configurations.

Conclusions:

  • Sequential deformation of patterned hydrogels provides a novel route to complex 3D structures.
  • This approach enables the creation of multilevel configurations in self-shaping materials.
  • The developed hydrogels hold promise for advanced applications in morphing materials and beyond.