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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

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Tissue Engineering and 3-Dimensional Modeling for Facial Reconstruction.

Kyle K VanKoevering1, David A Zopf2, Scott J Hollister3

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 1904 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Three-dimensional (3D) printing advances craniofacial reconstruction for surgeons. Combined with tissue engineering, 3D printing shows promise for complex ear and nose reconstructions with cartilage growth.

Keywords:
3D printingBioprintingFacial reconstructionProstheticsScaffoldsTissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Plastic Surgery

Background:

  • Three-dimensional (3D) printing has significantly impacted craniofacial reconstruction over the past 20 years.
  • 3D printed technologies aid oncologic surgeons in bony and soft tissue craniofacial reconstruction.
  • Advancements in 3D printing accessibility and design software have spurred innovation in anaplastology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current applications and state of 3D printing in craniofacial reconstruction.
  • To highlight the emerging role of tissue engineering in complex auricular and nasal reconstruction.
  • To discuss the integration of 3D printing with tissue engineering for enhanced craniofacial reconstructive outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on 3D printing applications in craniofacial surgery.
  • Analysis of emerging tissue engineering techniques for cartilage regeneration.
  • Synthesis of preclinical data on combined 3D printing and tissue engineering approaches.

Main Results:

  • 3D printing offers accessible solutions for craniofacial bony and soft tissue reconstruction.
  • Tissue engineering, particularly for cartilage, shows promising preclinical results when combined with 3D printing.
  • Innovations in anaplastology are facilitated by improved 3D printing technologies.

Conclusions:

  • 3D printing is a transformative technology in craniofacial reconstruction.
  • The synergy between 3D printing and tissue engineering holds significant potential for complex facial reconstructions.
  • Further research and clinical translation are expected to expand the utility of these technologies.