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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Anatomically Inspired Three-dimensional Micro-tissue Engineered Neural Networks for Nervous System Reconstruction, Modulation, and Modeling
Published on: May 31, 2017
Tissue Engineering and 3-Dimensional Modeling for Facial Reconstruction
Kyle K VanKoevering1, David A Zopf2, Scott J Hollister3
1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan Medical Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, 1904 Taubman Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
Abstract:
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has transformed craniofacial reconstruction over the last 2 decades. For cutaneous oncologic surgeons, several 3D printed technologies are available to assist with craniofacial bony reconstruction and preliminary soft tissue reconstructive efforts. With improved accessibility and simplified design software, 3D printing has opened the door for new techniques in anaplastology. Tissue engineering has more recently emerged as a promising concept for complex auricular and nasal reconstruction. Combined with 3D printing, several groups have demonstrated promising preclinical results with cartilage growth. This article highlights the applications and current state of 3D printing and tissue engineering in craniofacial reconstruction.
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