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Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

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Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
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NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview01:15

NMR Spectroscopy: Chemical Shift Overview

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The position of the absorption signal of a sample is reported relative to the position of the signal of tetramethylsilane (TMS), which is added as an internal reference while recording spectra. The difference between the absorption frequencies of the sample and TMS (in Hz) is divided by the spectrometer operating frequency (in MHz) to obtain a dimensionless quantity called the chemical shift. It is reported on the δ (delta) scale and expressed in parts per million.
For instance, the proton...
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Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

2.2K
The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
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Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
137.9K
Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects01:17

Chemical Shift: Internal References and Solvent Effects

1.4K
In an NMR sample, precise measurement of the absolute absorption frequencies of nuclei is difficult. A standard internal reference compound is added, and the frequency difference between the reference signal and sample signals is measured.
The internal reference compound generally used in NMR spectroscopy is tetramethylsilane (TMS). TMS is preferred because it is chemically inert, soluble in NMR solvents, and easily removable. Also, the highly shielded methyl protons in TMS yield an intense...
1.4K
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

1.7K
An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0,...
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TRPM2 activation: Paradigm shifted?

Ralf Fliegert1, Hans T Hölzer1, Andreas H Guse1

  • 1The Calcium Signaling Group, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.

Cell Calcium
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The TRPM2 channel

Keywords:
ADPRCalciumIon channel structureTRP channel

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Area of Science:

  • Ion channel biophysics
  • Molecular physiology
  • Structural biology

Background:

  • Transient receptor potential cation channel, subtype melastatin 2 (TRPM2) plays a role in immune response and temperature regulation.
  • Understanding TRPM2 function requires detailed structural and mechanistic insights.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the proposed novel activation mechanism of TRPM2 based on the zebrafish structure.
  • To determine if the new mechanism represents a paradigm shift or evolutionary adaptation.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative structural analysis of TRPM2.
  • Bioinformatic analysis of channel evolution.
  • Review of existing functional data on TRPM2.

Main Results:

  • The proposed mechanism may not be a universal TRPM2 activation mode.
  • The zebrafish TRPM2 structure might reflect specific evolutionary adaptations.
  • Existing functional data may not fully support the novel mechanism.

Conclusions:

  • The new TRPM2 activation mechanism requires further validation across species.
  • The evolutionary context is crucial for interpreting TRPM2 structural findings.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the conserved and divergent aspects of TRPM2 function.