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Tomography refers to imaging by sections. Computed tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays to reveal minute details about structures in the body.
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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PRaVDA: The first solid-state system for proton computed tomography.

Michela Esposito1, Chris Waltham1, Jonathan T Taylor2

  • 1University of Lincoln, School of Computer Science, Lincoln, UK.

Physica Medica : PM : an International Journal Devoted to the Applications of Physics to Medicine and Biology : Official Journal of the Italian Association of Biomedical Physics (AIFB)
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new solid-state detector system for proton CT imaging demonstrates improved accuracy in relative stopping power measurements. This advancement holds promise for enhancing treatment planning in proton beam radiotherapy.

Keywords:
Proton CT ElsevierProton therapySolid state detectors

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiotherapy Technology
  • Detector Systems

Background:

  • Proton computed tomography (CT) offers advantages over X-ray CT for proton beam radiotherapy treatment planning.
  • Conventional systems utilize scintillator-based calorimeters, which can limit scan speed due to proton tracking capabilities.
  • A novel, fully solid-state imaging system based on silicon strip detectors has been developed.

Discussion:

  • The developed system employs silicon strip detectors for precise proton tracking and a Range Telescope for residual energy measurement.
  • A back-projection-then-filtering algorithm is utilized for CT image reconstruction.
  • The system's design allows for tracking multiple protons per readout cycle, potentially reducing scan times.

Key Insights:

  • An early proton CT image was successfully acquired using the solid-state system with a 125 MeV proton beam.
  • The system achieved high accuracy in relative stopping power (RSP) measurements, with errors of less than 1.6% for phantom inserts.
  • The solid-state system demonstrated capability in handling high proton fluences (up to 2x10^8 protons/s).

Outlook:

  • The demonstrated accuracy and high fluence capability suggest this solid-state proton CT system could significantly improve current treatment planning standards.
  • Further development of this research platform may lead to more precise and efficient radiotherapy delivery.
  • This technology has the potential to enhance patient outcomes in proton therapy.