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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Closed-loop Neuro-robotic Experiments to Test Computational Properties of Neuronal Networks
Published on: March 2, 2015
Closed-loop all-optical interrogation of neural circuits in vivo
Zihui Zhang1,2, Lloyd E Russell1, Adam M Packer3,4
1Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, London, UK.
None:
Understanding the causal relationship between neural activity and behavior requires the ability to perform rapid and targeted interventions in ongoing activity. Here we describe a closed-loop all-optical strategy for dynamically controlling neuronal activity patterns in awake mice. We rapidly tailored and delivered two-photon optogenetic stimulation based on online readout of activity using simultaneous two-photon imaging, thus enabling the manipulation of neural circuit activity 'on the fly' during behavior.
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