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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
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Many cellular signals are hydrophilic and therefore cannot pass through the plasma membrane. However, small or hydrophobic signaling molecules can cross the hydrophobic core of the plasma membrane and bind to internal, or intracellular, receptors that reside within the cell. Many mammalian steroid hormones use this mechanism of cell signaling, as does nitric oxide (NO) gas.
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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
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Biomimetic Materials to Characterize Bacteria-host Interactions
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A biomimetic receptor for glucose.

Robert A Tromans1, Tom S Carter2, Laurent Chabanne2

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.

Nature Chemistry
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a synthetic receptor that mimics biological systems for specific glucose recognition. This breakthrough offers potential for advanced diabetes management tools, including continuous glucose monitoring.

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Chemistry
  • Biomimetic Design
  • Molecular Recognition

Background:

  • Achieving specific molecular recognition in synthetic systems is challenging, particularly for carbohydrates due to their structural diversity and similarity to water.
  • Biological systems excel at specific carbohydrate recognition, providing a benchmark for synthetic approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize a novel receptor capable of specific glucose recognition.
  • To evaluate the receptor's binding affinity and selectivity compared to natural systems and other molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Design of a simple, symmetrical synthetic receptor with a complementary cavity.
  • Affinity and selectivity measurements using various saccharide and non-carbohydrate substrates.

Main Results:

  • The synthetic receptor exhibits a high affinity for glucose (Ka ~18,000 M-1), comparable to natural receptors.
  • Demonstrated high selectivity, binding other saccharides ~100 times weaker and ignoring non-carbohydrate substrates.
  • The receptor's cavity effectively complements the β-pyranoside glucose structure.

Conclusions:

  • The developed synthetic receptor successfully achieves specific glucose recognition with biomimetic capabilities.
  • This system shows promise for applications in diabetes treatment, such as continuous glucose monitoring and glucose-responsive insulin delivery.