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Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Network Covalent Solids02:18

Network Covalent Solids

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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
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Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Functions01:12

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Tumor suppressor genes are normal genes that can slow down cell division, repair DNA mistakes, or program the cells for apoptosis in case of irreparable damage. Hence, they play an essential role in preventing the proliferation of damaged cells.
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What is Genetic Engineering?00:49

What is Genetic Engineering?

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Production of Human CRISPR-Engineered CAR-T Cells
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Engineering CAR-T Cells for Improved Function Against Solid Tumors.

Michael A Morgan1,2, Axel Schambach1,2,3

  • 1Hannover Medical School, Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover, Germany.

Frontiers in Immunology
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy shows promise for blood cancers but faces challenges in solid tumors. This review explores tumor evasion tactics and genetic engineering strategies to enhance CAR T-cell effectiveness against solid tumors.

Keywords:
cancerchimeric antigen receptorgenetic engineeringimmunosuppressiontumor

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Manufacturing Chimeric Antigen Receptor CAR T Cells for Adoptive Immunotherapy
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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy has revolutionized treatment for certain blood cancers.
  • Significant hurdles impede the efficacy of CAR T-cells in treating solid tumors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review mechanisms by which solid tumors evade CAR T-cell-mediated eradication.
  • To explore novel genetic engineering strategies for improving CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on CAR T-cell therapy in solid tumors.
  • Analysis of tumor microenvironment interactions and immune evasion strategies.
  • Examination of emerging genetic engineering techniques for CAR T-cell enhancement.

Main Results:

  • Solid tumors employ diverse mechanisms to suppress CAR T-cell function and survival.
  • Tumor microenvironment factors significantly limit CAR T-cell trafficking and persistence.
  • Genetic engineering offers promising avenues to overcome these limitations.

Conclusions:

  • Overcoming solid tumor-specific immune evasion is critical for advancing CAR T-cell therapy.
  • Innovative genetic engineering approaches are essential to enhance CAR T-cell efficacy in solid tumors.
  • Further research is needed to translate these strategies into clinical success for solid cancer patients.