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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Visually Sexing Loggerhead Shrike Lanius Ludovicianus Using Plumage Coloration and Pattern
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Parallel plumage colour evolution and introgressive hybridization in wheatears.

Manuel Schweizer1, Vera Warmuth2, Niloofar Alaei Kakhki3

  • 1Natural History Museum Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Journal of Evolutionary Biology
|November 14, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study reveals that plumage color in wheatears evolved in parallel, not due to gene flow between species. Nuclear DNA analysis confirmed distinct species and suggests ancestral variation influenced these color patterns.

Keywords:
incomplete lineage sortingintrogressionmelanin-based colorationstanding genetic variation

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Genomics
  • Ornithology

Background:

  • Genetic and phenotypic mosaics provide insights into evolutionary processes.
  • Discordant divergence patterns in songbirds complicate understanding of ancestral and introgressed genetic variation's role in phenotypic evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate the evolution of discordant phenotypic and genetic divergence in a monophyletic clade of four songbird taxa.
  • Clarify whether introgression or parallel evolution explains observed discordance in wheatears.
  • Resolve species boundaries and evolutionary relationships within the studied wheatear clade.

Main Methods:

  • Multispecies coalescent analyses using approximately 20,000 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from RAD data.
  • Mapping of SNP data to a draft genome assembly for phylogenetic analysis.
  • Analysis of mitochondrial variation and plumage phenotypes across taxa.

Main Results:

  • The species tree was resolved, confirming western and eastern black-eared wheatears as distinct species.
  • Evidence for parallel evolution of plumage color phenotypes was found.
  • Footprints of introgression from pied to eastern black-eared wheatears were detected beyond the hybrid zone.

Conclusions:

  • Plumage coloration in these wheatear taxa evolved in parallel.
  • Standing heterospecific and/or ancestral variation likely played a significant role in phenotypic evolution.
  • Nuclear genetic data resolved species boundaries, supporting the recognition of western and eastern black-eared wheatears as full species.