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Related Concept Videos

Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

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Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the...
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Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

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The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
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The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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Pediatric patient dosages diverge from adults due to disparities in body surface area, total body water, and extracellular fluid per kilogram of body weight. The dosing regimen considers the variations in pharmacokinetics and pharmacology across distinct age groups, encompassing preterm newborns, infants, young children, older children, and adolescents. Calculation of pediatric patient doses is predicated on determining body surface area, which exhibits a superior correlation with the child's...
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Bone Structure01:55

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Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
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Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography
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Extension Casting For Both-Bone Forearm Fractures In Children.

Sina Babazadeh, Todd G Mason, Josh Petterwood

    Acta Orthopaedica Belgica
    |November 15, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Casting paediatric forearm fractures with the elbow extended may reduce re-manipulation rates, especially when performed by trainees. This technique offers an effective and safer treatment option for pediatric forearm fractures.

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    Area of Science:

    • Orthopaedic surgery
    • Paediatric orthopaedics

    Background:

    • Paediatric forearm fractures are common injuries.
    • Closed reduction and cast immobilization are standard treatments.
    • Optimizing casting technique can minimize re-manipulation.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To analyze casting techniques for paediatric forearm fractures.
    • To determine if technique influences re-manipulation rates.
    • To identify optimal casting methods for improved outcomes.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective review of 189 paediatric patients (207 fractures).
    • Analysis of casting techniques for closed reduction and cast immobilization.
    • Statistical analysis of failure rates based on casting technique and staff experience.

    Main Results:

    • No significant association between general casting technique and failure rates (p=0.124).
    • Extension casting significantly reduced failure rates when performed by trainees (p=0.029).
    • Extension casting is a safer option for junior staff.

    Conclusions:

    • Closed reduction and cast immobilization with the elbow extended is effective for paediatric forearm fractures.
    • Extension casting may be a safer technique for less experienced clinicians.
    • This technique can potentially reduce re-manipulation rates in paediatric patients.