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Calculation of Volume of Solids by Integration01:27

Calculation of Volume of Solids by Integration

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Volume calculation often begins with simple geometric solids. For example, the volume of a rectangular box is obtained by multiplying the area of its base by its height. This straightforward approach relies on the fact that the cross-sectional area of the box remains constant throughout its length. Many real-world objects, however, do not have uniform cross-sections, and their volumes cannot be determined using elementary geometric formulas.To address this limitation, the Slicing Method...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Design, Fabrication, and Experimental Characterization of Plasmonic Photoconductive Terahertz Emitters
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Fabricating and Characterizing the Microfluidic Solid Phase Extraction Module Coupling with Integrated ESI Emitters.

Hangbin Tang1, Quan Yu2, Xiang Qian3

  • 1Division of Advanced Manufacturing, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China. thb15@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn.

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|November 15, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study integrates solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) with microfluidic electrospray ionization (ESI) chips for mass spectrometry (MS). The novel design enhances pretreatment of biological samples, improving drug detection and analysis.

Keywords:
integrated electrospray ionization (ESI) emittermass spectrometrymicrofluidic chipon-chip solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) modulepretreatment technologysolid phase extractiontwo-phase flow focusing

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Microfluidics
  • Mass Spectrometry

Background:

  • Microfluidic chips coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) are crucial for chemical and biochemical analysis, drug detection, and environmental applications.
  • Previous work introduced microfluidic electrospray ionization (ESI) chips, but integrating sample pretreatment modules remained a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To integrate a solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) module with existing on-chip ESI emitters for enhanced sample pretreatment.
  • To optimize the integrated chip design and evaluate its performance for real biological sample analysis using MS.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of the integrated SPME-ESI chip using multi-layer soft lithography, ensuring compatibility with previous ESI emitter designs.
  • Optimization of the integrated chip structure and performance characterization using standard samples.
  • Verification of salt removal, multi-analyte extraction, and on-chip separation capabilities using spiked biological urine samples.

Main Results:

  • The integrated SPME-ESI microfluidic chip fabrication is compatible with existing multi-layer soft lithography processes.
  • The optimized chip demonstrated effective salt removal, extraction of multiple analytes, and on-chip elution and separation.
  • Performance was validated using mimic biological urine samples spiked with various drugs.

Conclusions:

  • The integrated SPME module with on-chip ESI emitters is a practical and effective solution for biological sample pretreatment.
  • This technology significantly advances the capabilities of microfluidic devices for mass spectrometry-based detection and analysis.