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Related Concept Videos

Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

137.9K
One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Hypoxia01:23

Hypoxia

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Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
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Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies01:11

Bioavailability Study Design: Single Versus Multiple Dose Studies

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Bioavailability studies are essential for understanding how a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in the body. These studies assess the extent and rate at which the active pharmaceutical agent becomes available at the site of action. The design of bioavailability studies can involve single-dose or multiple-dose regimens, each with distinct advantages and limitations.Single-dose studies are the preferred approach due to their simplicity and reduced drug exposure for...
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Primary Active Transport01:47

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps that are embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction...
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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Related Experiment Video

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Simultaneous Cryosectioning of Multiple Rodent Brains
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Transportable system enabling multiple irradiation studies under simultaneous hypoxia in vitro.

Olli Metsälä1,2, Joose Kreutzer3, Heidi Högel4,5

  • 1Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6, FIN-20520, Turku, Finland.

Radiation Oncology (London, England)
|November 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new portable system, Minihypoxy, effectively maintains low oxygen conditions for in vitro cancer cell irradiation studies. This system enables reliable research on tumor hypoxia and radiotherapy resistance, overcoming limitations of existing methods.

Keywords:
CancerHypoxiaIn vitroMinihypoxyRadiationRadiotherapy

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Radiation Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Solid tumors exhibit variable hypoxia, leading to radioresistance.
  • Traditional in vitro hypoxia methods have limitations in parallel experiments and stable conditions.
  • Oxygen's role in radiotherapy efficiency is well-established but challenging to study in vitro.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Evaluate the usability of the novel portable Minihypoxy system for in vitro hypoxia irradiation studies.
  • Present biological data supporting the system's efficacy.
  • Overcome limitations of current hypoxia experimental setups.

Main Methods:

  • Cancer cell cultures were maintained in normoxic (21% O2) or hypoxic (1% O2) conditions.
  • Cells were cultured using a conventional hypoxia workstation or the Minihypoxy system.
  • Irradiation was performed at 1.28 Gy/min; cell viability, DNA damage (H2A.X phosphorylation), and clonogenic capacity were assessed.

Main Results:

  • The Minihypoxy system successfully maintained desired oxygen levels (5%, 1%, or 0% O2) within individual chambers during irradiation.
  • Cells cultured in Minihypoxy showed decreased radiosensitivity, indicated by lower H2A.X phosphorylation and increased clonogenic survival (OER ~3).

Conclusions:

  • The Minihypoxy system provides continuous, controlled hypoxic environments in multiple wells.
  • The system is portable and maintains low oxygen during transport and irradiation between facilities.
  • This novel system enhances in vitro research capabilities for hypoxia and radiotherapy studies.