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Changes in Endosymbiont Complexity Drive Host-Level Compensatory Adaptations in Cicadas.

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Cicadas with fragmented bacterial endosymbionts, "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola," increase the number of bacteria transmitted to eggs to ensure all essential lineages are passed on. This adaptation maintains symbiont transmission despite increased complexity.

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Area of Science:

  • Insect-microbe interactions
  • Bacterial endosymbiosis
  • Evolutionary biology

Background:

  • Insects rely on bacterial endosymbionts for essential nutrients.
  • Faithful transmission of endosymbionts between generations is crucial for insect survival.
  • The bacterial endosymbiont "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola" in cicadas can fragment into multiple interdependent lineages.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how cicadas transmit fragmented "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola" lineages to their eggs.
  • To determine if increased complexity of endosymbiont lineages affects transmission mechanisms.
  • To understand the adaptive strategies of cicadas in maintaining essential symbiont populations.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of symbiont transmission in cicada species with varying "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola" complexity.
  • Cell biological observation of symbiont packaging and transmission to eggs.
  • Quantification of transmitted symbiont cell numbers.

Main Results:

  • All cicada eggs receive the complete set of "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola" lineages, regardless of lineage complexity.
  • Cicadas with more complex symbiont fragmentation increase the number of transmitted "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola" cells up to six-fold.
  • No visible alterations in the transmission mechanism were observed at the cellular level despite increased symbiont complexity.

Conclusions:

  • Cicadas adapt to increased endosymbiont complexity by elevating the number of transmitted "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola" cells.
  • This increased symbiont titer is a significant cost associated with "Candidatus Hodgkinia cicadicola" lineage fragmentation.
  • Maintaining essential symbiont populations through increased transmission numbers is a key evolutionary strategy for cicadas.