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Measuring Deformability and Red Cell Heterogeneity in Blood by Ektacytometry
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A monolithic fluid-structure interaction framework applied to red blood cells.

Ayse Cetin1, Mehmet Sahin1

  • 1Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey.

International Journal for Numerical Methods in Biomedical Engineering
|November 15, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new fluid-structure interaction algorithm simulates red blood cell (RBC) deformation in capillaries. It reveals a novel buckling instability in RBCs, impacting blood flow dynamics.

Keywords:
buckling instabilitycompatible interface conditionfluid-structure interactionmonolithic approachred blood cell deformation

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Area of Science:

  • Computational fluid dynamics
  • Biomedical engineering
  • Cellular biomechanics

Background:

  • Red blood cell (RBC) deformability significantly impacts blood rheology, especially in narrow capillaries.
  • Understanding RBC behavior under flow is crucial for diagnosing and treating various hematological conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply a parallel, fully coupled fluid-structure interaction (FSI) algorithm for simulating red blood cell deformation.
  • To investigate the effects of capillary diameter, RBC membrane thickness, and hematocrit on RBC behavior.

Main Methods:

  • A monolithic FSI algorithm using the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation for the fluid domain and finite element formulation for the solid domain.
  • Enforcement of compatible kinematic boundary conditions to conserve cytoplasmic fluid mass.
  • Utilizing parallel algebraic multigrid solvers (BoomerAMG via PETSc/HYPRE) for large-scale linear systems.

Main Results:

  • Simulations show RBCs deforming from a biconcave shape to a parachute-like shape.
  • A novel cupcake-shaped buckling instability was observed in small capillaries, not previously reported.
  • RBC deformation was found to be three-dimensional and non-axisymmetric.

Conclusions:

  • The developed FSI algorithm accurately captures complex RBC deformation dynamics.
  • The newly identified buckling instability offers new insights into blood flow physics in microcirculation.
  • This study provides a foundation for further research into RBC mechanics and related diseases.