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Bystander Effect

Bystander Effect

The discussion of bullying highlights the problem of witnesses not intervening to help a victim. This is a common occurrence, as the following well-publicized event demonstrates. In 1964, in Queens, New York, a 19-year-old woman named Kitty Genovese was attacked by a person with a knife near the back entrance to her apartment building and again in the hallway inside her apartment building. When the attack occurred, she screamed for help numerous times and eventually died from her stab wounds.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration

A Mouse Model of Orthopedic Surgery to Study Postoperative Cognitive Dysfunction and Tissue Regeneration

Published on: February 27, 2018

Early Subspecialization in Orthopedic Surgery Training.

J Mason DePasse, Michael I Nzeogu, Chris Travers

|November 15, 2018

Summary

Orthopaedic surgery residents specializing in spine, hand, and sports medicine gain more operative experience in their chosen fields during residency. This early subspecialization suggests potential benefits for future surgical practice.

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Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

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Area of Science:

Orthopaedic Surgery
Surgical Education
Medical Training

Background:

Recent trends show orthopaedic surgery residents performing fewer procedures outside their subspecialty.
This study investigates if subspecialization begins during residency training.

Purpose of the Study:

To assess early subspecialization in orthopaedic surgery residents.
To compare operative case numbers between residents specializing in a field and those who are not.

Main Methods:

Review of fellowship choices and case logs for 231 residents from 5 academic programs (2002-2017).
Comparison of case volumes in chosen subspecialties versus other areas.

Main Results:

Residents specializing in spine surgery, hand surgery, and sports medicine logged significantly more procedures in their chosen fields.
No significant difference in case numbers was found for total joint arthroplasty or foot and ankle surgery residents.
Residents pursuing spine, hand, and sports medicine gained early operative exposure.

Conclusions:

Orthopaedic surgery residents focusing on spine, hand, and sports medicine demonstrate early subspecialization during residency.
Formalizing specialization tracks during the chief resident year may enhance this early experience.