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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
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Radicals01:27

Radicals

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Roots, often written as radicals, identify the quantity that must be raised to a specific exponent to produce a given value. A radical expression consists of two main components: the radicand, which is the value placed inside the root symbol, and the index, which indicates the degree of the root being taken. The notation n√a indicates the principal nth root of a. If n equals 2, the operation is the square root, while n = 3 defines the cube root. When n is even, a negative radicand does...
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Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Radical Equations01:26

Radical Equations

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Radical equations are mathematical expressions in which the variable is found within a radical, most commonly a square root or cube root. These equations frequently arise in science, engineering, and real-world measurements involving nonlinear relationships. To solve a radical equation, the standard procedure is to isolate the radical expression and then eliminate the radical by raising each side to a power equal to the index of the radical. This process may lead to extraneous...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
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EXPERIENCE OF 424 ROBOT-ASSISTED OPERATIONS IN ST-PETERSBURG: RADICAL PROSTATECTOMY, PARTIAL AND RADICAL NEPHRECTOMY.

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    Robot-assisted surgery for prostatectomy and nephrectomy shows excellent outcomes. Procedures using the da Vinci S robot demonstrated high cancer-specific survival rates and favorable overall survival, highlighting its effectiveness in urologic oncology.

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    Area of Science:

    • Urologic Oncology
    • Minimally Invasive Surgery
    • Robotic Surgery

    Background:

    • Robot-assisted surgery is increasingly utilized in urologic procedures.
    • The da Vinci S robotic system has been employed for complex surgeries.
    • Evaluating outcomes of robotic radical prostatectomy, partial nephrectomy, and radical nephrectomy is crucial.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present the results of robot-assisted radical prostatectomies, partial nephrectomies, and radical nephrectomies.
    • To analyze operative time, blood loss, and warm ischemia time.
    • To report five-year cancer-specific and overall survival rates.

    Main Methods:

    • Retrospective analysis of 257 robot-assisted radical prostatectomies, 135 partial nephrectomies, and 32 radical nephrectomies.
    • Procedures performed between 2010 and 2016 using the da Vinci S robotic system.
    • Data collected on operative time, blood loss, warm ischemia time, and survival rates.

    Main Results:

    • Mean operative times: 170±50 min (prostatectomy), 158.4±72.2 min (partial nephrectomy), 143.3±67.3 min (radical nephrectomy).
    • Mean blood loss: 130±35 ml (prostatectomy), 213.0±102.2 ml (partial nephrectomy), 141.4±49.0 ml (radical nephrectomy).
    • Five-year cancer-specific survival: 100% (prostatectomy), 100% (partial nephrectomy), 98% (radical nephrectomy). Overall survival: 97.5%, 87%, 92% respectively.

    Conclusions:

    • Robot-assisted radical prostatectomy and nephrectomies demonstrate excellent oncologic outcomes with high survival rates.
    • The da Vinci S system facilitates effective and safe execution of these complex urologic procedures.
    • Favorable short-term and long-term results support the continued use of robotic assistance in urologic surgery.