Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 2, 2026

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress
Published on: July 4, 2013
Community Gun Violence as a Social Determinant of Elementary School Achievement
Dessa Bergen-Cico1, Sandra D Lane2,3, Robert H Keefe4
1a Public Health, Food Studies and Nutrition , Public Health Program , Syracuse , New York , USA.
Abstract:
The association of indirect exposure to firearm-related violence and standardized test scores among third grade elementary school children were analyzed using geospatial mapping of police department data for all gunshots in Syracuse, NY (n = 2, 127) and state standardized test scores from 2009-2015. Confirmed gunshots were geocoded and mapped across the city and neighborhood school catchment areas. Third grade standardized New York State test scores for English Language Arts (ELA) and math were coded as dichotomous variables of proficient and below proficient scores. State standardized test scores for ELA and math were found to be 50% lower in the elementary schools located within higher concentration gunshot areas, than in elementary schools in lower gunshot areas. Higher levels of gun violence within school catchment areas were significantly associated with higher rates of ELA and math failure (p ≤ .05). These findings suggest that community violence may be an important, though under recognized, social determinant of poor school performance.
More Related Videos
Related Concept Videos
What are Populations and Communities?
Social Proof
Social Loafing
Social Scripts
Rate-Determining Steps
In a multistep reaction mechanism, one of the elementary steps progresses significantly slower than the others. This slowest step is called the rate-limiting step (or rate-determining step). A reaction cannot proceed faster than its slowest step, and hence, the rate-determining step limits the overall reaction rate.
The concept of rate-determining step can be understood from the analogy of a 4-lane freeway with a short-stretch of traffic-bottleneck caused due to...
Social Traps

