Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Implantation of Total Artificial Heart in Congenital Heart Disease
Published on: July 18, 2014
Congenital Great Toe Hypoplasia Equivalent to a Grade 3 Hypoplastic Thumb in a Patient with VACTERL Association
Konrad Mende1, Michael A Tonkin1
11 Department of Hand Surgery & Peripheral Nerve Surgery, Royal North Shore Hospital, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, University of Sydney, St Leonards, Sydney, Australia.
Abstract:
Lower limb malformations in VACTERL patients are extremely rare and the most common anomalies are found in the tibial ray. We present the case of a 15 month old male with VACTERL and, additionally, a hypoplastic hallucal ray of the right foot in conjunction with a floating preaxial polydactyly. The great toe hypoplasia is similar to a grade 3b thumb hypoplasia with absence of the proximal two-thirds of the first metatarsal on the plain X-ray. We would like to draw the attention of hand surgeons to anomalies of the tibial ray, which, although rare, are the most common pattern of lower limb malformations in VACTERL association. All patients with VACTERL defects should be assessed for these additional findings.
Related Concept Videos
Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles....
Equivalent Capacitance
The following strategies are adopted to calculate...
Equivalent Capacitance
Pharmaceutical Equivalents
Graded Potential
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or...
Thévenin Equivalent Circuits

