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Emergence of form in embryogenesis.

Murat Erkurt1

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Centre for Complexity Science, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK murat.erkurt09@imperial.ac.uk.

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface
|November 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel vector-reaction-diffusion-drift (VRDD) system to model embryonic form development. The VRDD system, coupled with a finite-state machine (FSM) for cell differentiation, successfully generates complex, life-like biological forms.

Keywords:
bodyplangenetic regulatory networkmorphogenesisreaction–diffusionself-organization

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental biology
  • Computational modeling
  • Systems biology

Background:

  • Embryonic form arises from symmetry breaking.
  • Existing models like Turing's reaction-diffusion system have limitations in generating system-wide symmetry breaking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Introduce a new computational model, the vector-reaction-diffusion-drift (VRDD) system.
  • Simulate the hierarchical development of complex biological forms.
  • Investigate genotype-phenotype mapping through mutations.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the vector-reaction-diffusion-drift (VRDD) system for morphogen dynamics.
  • Modeled cell differentiation using a finite-state machine (FSM) responding to morphogen gradients.
  • Integrated a four-layer simulation model (topological, physical, chemical, regulatory).

Main Results:

  • The VRDD system generates system-wide broken symmetry, unlike Turing systems.
  • Successfully generated 'fundamental forms' with varying symmetries.
  • Simulated complex, life-like forms, including hydra, using the integrated model.
  • Investigated genotype-phenotype mapping with continuous and jump mutations.

Conclusions:

  • The VRDD system provides a robust framework for simulating embryonic morphogenesis.
  • The integrated model successfully replicates complex form generation and allows for genotype-phenotype analysis.
  • Potential applications in morphogenetic engineering, soft robotics, and biomimetic design.