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Band Theory

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When two or more atoms come together to form a molecule, their atomic orbitals combine and molecular orbitals of distinct energies result. In a solid, there are a large number of atoms, and therefore a large number of atomic orbitals that may be combined into molecular orbitals. These groups of molecular orbitals are so closely placed together to form continuous regions of energies, known as the bands.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Graphene Coatings for Biomedical Implants

Published on: March 1, 2013

Extremely flat band in bilayer graphene.

D Marchenko¹, D V Evtushinsky¹, E Golias¹

¹Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Elektronenspeicherring BESSY II, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany.

Science Advances

|November 16, 2018

Summary

Researchers developed a new method to create flat bands in bilayer graphene by sublattice biasing. This breakthrough could lead to high-temperature superconductivity in graphene systems.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Quantum Chemistry

Background:

Flat bands in materials are crucial for emergent quantum phenomena like superconductivity.
Controlling band dispersion in two-dimensional materials is key to novel electronic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

To propose and experimentally verify a novel mechanism for generating extremely flat bands in bilayer graphene.
To explore the potential of these flat bands for achieving high-temperature superconductivity.

Main Methods:

Theoretical modeling of band formation via sublattice biasing in honeycomb lattice bilayers.
Experimental realization using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) on bilayer graphene grown on silicon carbide (SiC).

Main Results:

Demonstrated a novel mechanism for flat band formation through relative sublattice biasing.
Achieved an extremely flattened band with less than 2-meV dispersion using ARPES on bilayer graphene.
Observed a two-dimensional k-space area of the flat band, leading to disk-like constant energy cuts.

Conclusions:

The proposed two-dimensional flat band model and experimental results are significant for graphene-based superconductivity.
This work opens avenues for realizing high-temperature superconductivity in graphene and graphite systems.