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Dissociative Disorders01:27

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Dissociative disorders represent complex psychological conditions characterized by disruptions in consciousness, memory, identity, or perception. These disruptions cause individuals to experience a disconnection from their thoughts, emotions, and memories. The phenomenon is not merely an occasional lapse in attention but a profound alteration in mental functioning that can severely impact daily life.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), previously termed multiple personality disorder, is a complex psychological condition characterized by the presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states. Each identity exhibits unique patterns of behavior, voice, and mannerisms and may possess separate memories and emotional responses. The alternating control between identities can result in memory gaps and challenges in recalling daily activities, often exacerbating the individual's...
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Bond energy is the energy required to break a bond homolytically. These values are usually expressed in units of kcal/mol or kJ/mol and are referred to as bond dissociation energies when given for specific bonds or average bond energies when indicated for a given type of bond over many compounds. Firstly, the bond dissociation energy for a single bond is weaker than that of a double bond, which in turn is weaker than that of a triple bond. Secondly, hydrogen forms relatively strong bonds with...
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Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between atoms that have formed other chemical bonds. One of these atoms is electronegative, like oxygen, and has a partial negative charge. The other is a hydrogen atom that has bonded with another electronegative atom and has a partial positive charge.
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Stable molecules exist because covalent bonds hold the atoms together. The strength of a covalent bond is measured by the energy required to break it, that is, the energy necessary to separate the bonded atoms. Separating any pair of bonded atoms requires energy — the stronger a bond, the greater the energy required to break it.
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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Bond Dissociation Triggering Molecular Disorder in Amorphous H2O.

Masaki Hada1, Yuho Shigeeda1, Shin-Ya Koshihara2

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Researchers studied water molecules using ultrafast electron diffraction. Near-ultraviolet light caused O-H bond dissociation, leading to ionization and disorder in amorphous water.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Spectroscopy

Background:

  • Understanding light-matter interactions is crucial for various chemical and physical processes.
  • Amorphous water's properties are less understood than crystalline ice due to its disordered structure.
  • Ultrafast dynamics of molecular dissociation provide insights into fundamental chemical bond breaking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the ultrafast dynamics of amorphous H2O upon photoexcitation.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms of O-H bond dissociation and subsequent molecular changes.
  • To explore light-matter and matter-matter interactions in water molecules.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a system for in situ deposition of H2O molecules onto silicon nitride substrates.
  • Utilizing time-resolved transmission electron diffraction (TR-TED) apparatus.
  • Performing ultrafast time-resolved electron diffraction measurements on amorphous H2O under near-ultraviolet photoexcitation.

Main Results:

  • Observed direct evidence of O-H bond dissociation driven by multiphoton absorption.
  • Identified charge transfer as a key process following photoexcitation.
  • Documented triggered ionization and increased intermolecular disorder in amorphous H2O.

Conclusions:

  • Ultrafast photoexcitation induces significant structural and electronic changes in amorphous H2O.
  • The study reveals the complex interplay of light-matter interactions leading to molecular dissociation and ionization.
  • Findings contribute to a deeper understanding of water's behavior under extreme conditions.