Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

51.7K
Overview
51.7K
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

1.1K
Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
1.1K
Buffer Effectiveness02:19

Buffer Effectiveness

55.2K
Buffer solutions do not have an unlimited capacity to keep the pH relatively constant . Instead, the ability of a buffer solution to resist changes in pH relies on the presence of appreciable amounts of its conjugate weak acid-base pair. When enough strong acid or base is added to substantially lower the concentration of either member of the buffer pair, the buffering action within the solution is compromised.
The buffer capacity is the amount of acid or base that can be added to a given volume...
55.2K
Framing Effects03:26

Framing Effects

8.0K
Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
8.0K
Biological Effects of Radiation02:59

Biological Effects of Radiation

17.9K
All radioactive nuclides emit high-energy particles or electromagnetic waves. When this radiation encounters living cells, it can cause heating, break chemical bonds, or ionize molecules. The most serious biological damage results when these radioactive emissions fragment or ionize molecules. For example, α and β particles emitted from nuclear decay reactions possess much higher energies than ordinary chemical bond energies. When these particles strike and penetrate matter, they...
17.9K
Effects of feedback01:24

Effects of feedback

1.0K
Feedback in control systems plays a critical role in shaping various operational parameters, extending beyond simple error reduction to influence stability, bandwidth, gain, impedance, and sensitivity. Understanding these effects requires examining a basic feedback system characterized by defined input, output, error, and feedback signals.
Feedback significantly modifies the gain of a control system. The gain of a system without feedback is altered by a factor of one plus GH, where G represents...
1.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Knowledge gaps and research priorities regarding vaccination in pregnancy: A Canadian perspective from the prevention of infections in the maternal-infant dyad (PRIMED) consortium.

Vaccine·2025
Same author

Dynamics of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Illness and Serology During Pregnancy and Infancy in the United States and South Africa.

Open forum infectious diseases·2025
Same author

Corrigendum to 'Safety of quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine in pregnant persons and their infants' [AJOG Global Reports Volume 4, Issue 4, November 2024, 100395].

AJOG global reports·2025
Same author

Effectiveness of 2023-2024 seasonal influenza vaccine against influenza-associated emergency department and urgent care encounters among pregnant and non-pregnant women of reproductive age.

Vaccine·2025
Same author

Measles seroprevalence among individuals serologically tested in Ontario, Canada.

Vaccine·2025
Same author

Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and Infant Influenza in the First 6 Months of Life.

Obstetrics and gynecology·2025
Same journal

Retraction notice to "Effectiveness of prescription-based influenza vaccination services among older adults in Binzhou, China: A cluster-randomized controlled trial" [Vaccine 82 (2026) 128588].

Vaccine·2026
Same journal

Barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 vaccination programme implementation in Ireland: a qualitative study of implementation stakeholders using CFIR.

Vaccine·2026
Same journal

Immunogenicity and safety of a SARS-CoV-2 recombinant vaccine S-268024 booster vaccination versus NVX-CoV2373: Interim results from a phase 3, multicenter, randomized, observer-blind, active-controlled study.

Vaccine·2026
Same journal

Safety and immunogenicity of a reduced, homologous booster dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine: a single blind, randomized, non-inferiority follow-up trial.

Vaccine·2026
Same journal

Vaccination policies for healthcare personnel in Europe, 2026.

Vaccine·2026
Same journal

A historical overview of the anti-vaccine movement and its public health implications.

Vaccine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
06:17

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

22.8K

A framework for research on vaccine effectiveness.

Natasha S Crowcroft1, Nicola P Klein2

  • 1Applied Immunization Research and Evaluation, Public Health Ontario, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada; University of Toronto, 480 University Avenue, Suite 300, Toronto, ON M5G 1V2, Canada.

Vaccine
|November 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Standardized definitions and a new research framework are proposed to improve the study of vaccine effectiveness (VE). This approach enhances interdisciplinary communication and optimizes vaccine program decision-making for public health.

Keywords:
ImmunizationVaccine effectivenessVaccine failureVaccine program evaluationVaccine study design

More Related Videos

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

2.3K
Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

24.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination
06:17

Expression and Purification of Virus-like Particles for Vaccination

Published on: June 2, 2016

22.8K
Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

2.3K
Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

24.0K

Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Growing number of vaccines and complex immunization programs necessitate a systematic approach to vaccine effectiveness (VE) research.
  • Existing scientific fields investigating vaccine performance lack standardized definitions, hindering interdisciplinary communication and research design.
  • Advances in basic science, immunopathology, clinical research, epidemiology, and mathematical modeling require updated terminology for VE studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose standardized definitions for vaccine effectiveness (VE) research.
  • To introduce a comprehensive framework for conducting VE research that addresses the complexity of vaccines and immunization programs.
  • To enhance communication and collaboration among diverse scientific disciplines involved in VE research.

Main Methods:

  • Development of standardized definitions for key concepts in vaccine effectiveness (VE) research.
  • Proposal of a novel research framework incorporating vaccine, vaccinee, time, environment, and pathogen interactions.
  • Consideration of models for vaccine failure and general approaches for study design.

Main Results:

  • A proposed framework for VE research that expands the traditional epidemiological triad.
  • Inclusion of factors such as vaccine characteristics, vaccinee attributes, time-dependent exposure and protection, and environmental/pathogen impacts.
  • Emphasis on how study design and outcomes influence observed vaccine effectiveness.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed framework and definitions will facilitate more precise and interdisciplinary VE research.
  • Improved research will support evidence-based decision-making for optimizing vaccination programs and maximizing public health benefits.
  • Enhanced understanding of VE is crucial for clinicians communicating vaccine benefits to the public.