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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Force Microscopy01:08

Atomic Force Microscopy

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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is a type of scanning probe microscopy that can analyze topographic details of various specimens like ceramics, glass, polymers, and biological samples. AFM offers over 1000 times more resolution than the optical imaging system. Images generated from AFM are three-dimensional surface profiles, offering an advantage over the flat, two-dimensional images from other imaging techniques.
The AFM Probe
The probe is regarded as the heart of any AFM setup and comprises the...
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Heating and Cooling Curves02:44

Heating and Cooling Curves

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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
For instance, the addition of heat raises the temperature of a solid; the amount of heat absorbed depends on the heat capacity of the solid (q = mcsolidΔT). According to thermochemistry, the relation between the amount of heat absorbed or released by a substance, q, and its...
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Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Atomic Mass01:52

Atomic Mass

70.2K
Atoms — and the protons, neutrons, and electrons that compose them — are extremely small. For example, a carbon atom weighs less than 2 × 10−23 g. When describing the properties of tiny objects such as atoms, we use appropriately small units of measure, such as the atomic mass unit (amu). The amu was originally defined based on hydrogen, the lightest element, then later in terms of oxygen. Since 1961, it has been defined with regard to the most abundant isotope of carbon, atoms of which...
70.2K
The Energies of Atomic Orbitals03:21

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

30.2K
In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.
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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy
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Bacterial Immobilization for Imaging by Atomic Force Microscopy

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Thermoelectric stack sample cooling modification of a commercial atomic force microscopy.

A Del Moral1, J C González-Rosillo2, A Gómez2

  • 1Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona, Centro Nacional de Microelectrónica (CSIC), Campus U.A.B., Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain; Institut de Ciència dels Materials de Barcelona, UAB Campus, Bellaterra 08193, Spain.

Ultramicroscopy
|November 16, 2018
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new Atomic Force Microscopy accessory for temperature-dependent experiments, enabling nanoscale material analysis down to -61.4°C. The system demonstrates precise control for studying phenomena like resistive switching in multiferroic thin films.

Keywords:
Atomic Force MicroscopyCoolingCurrent sensing atomic force microscopyInstrumentationPeltierSample coolingScanning probe microscopy

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Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Supported Lipid Bilayers
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Surface Science

Background:

  • Temperature-dependent experiments are crucial for understanding nanoscale material properties.
  • Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) is a key technique for surface analysis.
  • Studying phenomena like Curie temperature and resistive switching requires controlled temperature environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and present a novel thermoelectric cooling stage for AFM.
  • To enable temperature-dependent nanoscale experiments down to -61.4°C.
  • To assess the impact of cooling system vibrations on AFM measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of a four-unit thermoelectric cooling stage into a Keysight 5500LS AFM.
  • Characterization of cantilever static deflection noise and temperature dependence.
  • Analysis of resistive switching phenomena in a La0.7Sr0.3MnO3-y thin film sample.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a sample temperature range down to -61.4°C with low noise.
  • Quantified the contribution of liquid cooling pump vibrations to cantilever deflection noise.
  • Demonstrated the equipment's capability by analyzing temperature-dependent resistive switching.

Conclusions:

  • The developed thermoelectric cooling stage is compatible with AFM and suitable for nanoscale temperature-dependent studies.
  • The system allows for detailed investigation of phase transitions and electronic properties.
  • This equipment enhances AFM capabilities for materials research.