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    This study shows that a novel cycling exoskeleton (CAKE-2) using planar spiral springs reduces quadriceps activity during cycling. This offers potential for enhanced cycling performance and rehabilitation without external power.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomechanics
    • Human-Machine Systems
    • Rehabilitation Engineering

    Background:

    • Passive cycling support systems aim to reduce the energy cost of knee extension by utilizing stored energy from knee flexion.
    • Previous work utilized torsion springs; this study introduces a planar spiral spring for a compact design.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the effectiveness of the cycling augmented knee exoskeleton (CAKE-2) with planar spiral springs in reducing quadriceps muscle activity during cycling.
    • To assess muscle fatigue and changes in EMG median power spectral frequency (MDF) during exoskeleton-assisted cycling.

    Main Methods:

    • Three healthy male participants performed cycling at 200 W and 225 W with and without the CAKE-2 exoskeleton.
    • Surface electromyography (EMG) of rectus femoris muscles was analyzed using continuous wavelet transform for time-frequency analysis.
    • EMG median power spectral frequency (MDF) was monitored to assess muscle fatigue.

    Main Results:

    • No significant peripheral muscle fatigue or changes in EMG median power spectral frequency (MDF) were observed during the 2-minute trials.
    • Quadriceps activity, measured by EMG, was reduced when participants used the CAKE-2 exoskeleton at the same cycling power.
    • EMG-MDF increased with exercise intensity at consistent cycling speed and cadence.

    Conclusions:

    • The CAKE-2 exoskeleton effectively reduces quadriceps effort during cycling without an external power source.
    • The technology shows promise for enhancing cycling performance and aiding in rehabilitation applications by modifying muscle effort balance.
    • The compact design utilizing planar spiral springs is suitable for practical implementation.