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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Paradigms of Lower Extremity Electrical Stimulation Training After Spinal Cord Injury
Published on: February 1, 2018
Transfer Functions of a Spinal Cord Stimulation System in Mixed Media and Homogeneous Media for Estimation of RF
Abstract:
There is a risk for patients with spinal cord stimulation (SCS) implants that MRI-RF induced heating may cause harm to spinal cord (SC) or spinal nerves. The ISO/TS 10974 Clause 8, Tier 3 based evaluation of RF heating has been commonly used for active implantable manufactures through regulatory body world-wide. Generating TFs for the lead and SCS system is an essential component in Tier 3. The objective of this paper is to investigate the effects of media on transfer functions (TFs) and dissipated power near the distal electrode along clinical pathways of SCS implants. The simulation results indicate that SCS TF measurement and validation should be performed in HCM (0.47 S/m) since it has the closest match with SC mixed media. With the SC mixed media model, the compound tissue effect from tissues around the system was seen and TF follows that of the HCM TFs closely. These trends were confirmed through power calculation of TF equation by integrals of electrical fields along clinical SCS implant pathways in an adult male model, with a 2%-4% underestimation from HCM while LCM overestimates by 72%- 74%. This study indicates appropriate section of media for deriving TFs could lead to more clinically relevant RF heating predictions during MRI scans.
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Mechanism of heat transfer
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Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...