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Related Concept Videos

Virtual Work01:20

Virtual Work

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The principle of virtual work states that if a body is in static and dynamic equilibrium, then the sum of all the virtual work done by all external forces and couple moments for any given virtual displacement must be zero.
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Hand hygiene01:23

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
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Principle of Virtual Work: Problem Solving01:13

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The principle of virtual work is an essential concept in the field of mechanics and engineering. This is used to solve problems related to the equilibrium of a structure or system. It is based on the assumption that if a system is in equilibrium, the work done by all the forces during a virtual displacement is zero. This principle is applied by considering virtual displacements of the system and the corresponding work done by internal and external forces.
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Types of Reports I: Hands-off Report01:25

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A hand-off report, also known as a change-of-shift report, is a crucial nursing process that ensures the smooth transition of patient care responsibilities between nursing staff.
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Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

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The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
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Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies01:06

Virtual Work for a System of Connected Rigid Bodies

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Virtual work is a powerful method used to solve problems involving several connected rigid bodies. When the system is in equilibrium, virtual work is zero. This allows the calculation of the resulting forces when a system undergoes a virtual displacement. When attempting to analyze such a system, first, use a free-body diagram, where an independent coordinate represents the configuration of the links, and mark its deflected position resulting from the positive virtual displacement.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
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Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

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A multimodal virtual keyboard using eye-tracking and hand gesture detection.

H Cecotti, Y K Meena, G Prasad

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Assistive technology users can now select virtual keyboard commands using gaze and hand gestures. Performance varies by gesture, highlighting the need for personalized solutions in eye-tracking interfaces.

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    Area of Science:

    • Assistive Technology
    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Biomedical Engineering

    Background:

    • Many individuals with disabilities depend on assistive technologies for communication and social interaction.
    • Existing eye-tracking systems often rely on dwell time, which can be challenging for some users.
    • There is a need for robust, non-invasive, and adaptable solutions tailored to individual physical abilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a novel virtual keyboard system utilizing both eye-gaze and hand gestures for command selection.
    • To assess the feasibility of integrating simple hand gestures as a selection mechanism in eye-movement-based user interfaces.
    • To determine the impact of different hand gestures on user performance metrics like speed and information transfer rate.

    Main Methods:

    • A virtual keyboard was designed, incorporating all Latin characters, punctuation, digits, and a delete function.
    • Users select virtual keyboard items by first gazing at the desired element and then performing a specific hand gesture.
    • The system was tested on eight healthy subjects using five distinct hand gestures and a button selection method.

    Main Results:

    • User performance, measured by speed and information transfer rate (ITR), was significantly influenced by the chosen hand gesture.
    • The optimal hand gesture for each participant yielded a mean performance of 8.77 ± 2.90 letters per minute.
    • This corresponds to an information transfer rate (ITR) of 57.04 ± 14.55 bits per minute, demonstrating effective command selection.
    • A notable inter-subject variability was observed in the effectiveness of assigned hand gestures.

    Conclusions:

    • Integrating hand gestures with eye-gaze control offers a promising alternative for virtual keyboard interaction.
    • The selection speed and efficiency are highly dependent on the specific hand gesture employed.
    • Personalized selection strategies, considering inter-subject differences in hand gesture effectiveness, are crucial for optimizing assistive technology performance.