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Related Concept Videos

Power01:08

Power

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The concept of work involves force and displacement; meanwhile, the work-energy theorem relates the net work done on a body to the difference in its kinetic energy, calculated between two points on its trajectory. While none of these quantities or relations involves time explicitly, we know that the time available to accomplish work is often just as important as the amount of work itself. For example, sprinters in a race may have achieved the same velocity at the finish, therefore,...
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Anatomy of the Heart01:27

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The human heart is made up of three layers of tissue that are surrounded by the pericardium, a membrane that protects and confines the heart. The outermost layer, closest to the pericardium, is the epicardium. The pericardial cavity separates the pericardium from the epicardium. Beneath the epicardium is the myocardium, the middle layer, and the endocardium, the innermost layer. There are four chambers of the heart: the right atrium, the right ventricle, the left atrium, and the left ventricle.
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Instantaneous Power01:22

Instantaneous Power

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Instantaneous power is important in electrical circuits, mainly when dealing with sinusoidal input. Instantaneous power, denoted as p(t), results from the multiplication of the instantaneous voltage (v(t)) across an element and the instantaneous current (i(t)) flowing through it. This relationship adheres to the passive sign convention and represents a fundamental principle in electrical engineering.
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Complex Power01:14

Complex Power

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Power engineers have introduced the concept of complex power to determine the cumulative effect of parallel loads. This idea plays a crucial role in power analysis because it encompasses all the details related to the power consumed by a specific load.
Complex power is defined as the multiplication of the voltage and the complex conjugate of the current. The magnitude of this power, known as apparent power, is measured in volt-amperes (VA). Notably, the angle of the complex power equates to the...
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Electrical Power01:07

Electrical Power

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Electric power is the product of current and voltage, represented in units of joules per second, or watts. For example, cars often have one or more auxiliary power outlets with which you can charge a cell phone or other electronic devices. These outlets may be rated at 20 amps and 12 volts, so that the circuit can deliver a maximum power of 240 watts. Consider a 25 Watt bulb and a 60 Watt bulb. The conversion of electrical energy produces heat and light, while the kinetic energy lost by the...
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Sums of Power01:22

Sums of Power

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In definite integration, Riemann sums approximate the area under a curve by dividing it into subintervals and summing the areas of rectangles. When these approximations follow predictable numerical patterns, such as arithmetic or polynomial sequences, sum formulas offer a more efficient and accurate way to compute the result. In particular, the sum of consecutive integers, squares, and cubes plays an essential role in simplifying these calculations, especially when dealing with uniform...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Translational Rabbit Model of Chronic Cardiac Pacing
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A Multi-site Heart Pacing Study Using Wirelessly Powered Leadless Pacemakers.

Hongming Lyu, Mathews John, David Burkland

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    We developed an energy-efficient, millimeter-scale pacemaker and wireless power system. This system enabled simultaneous, electromechanical heart pacing in two separate models using a single transmitter.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Cardiovascular Research
    • Wireless Power Transfer

    Background:

    • Traditional pacemakers face limitations in energy efficiency and distributed pacing capabilities.
    • Millimeter-scale devices and efficient wireless power transfer are crucial for advanced cardiac therapies.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate an energy-efficient, millimeter-scale pacemaker system for multi-site cardiac pacing.
    • To evaluate the feasibility of simultaneous, wireless, electromechanical coupling of multiple hearts.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a switched capacitor-based millimeter-scale pacemaker (5 mm ×7.5 mm).
    • Developed a multi-receiver wireless energy transfer system operating at ~200 MHz.
    • Conducted a proof-of-concept study using two beating Langendorff rodent heart models.

    Main Results:

    • Two millimeter-scale pacemakers successfully paced two separate Langendorff hearts simultaneously.
    • A single transmitter (20-30 cm distance) enabled wireless energy transfer and pacing for both hearts.
    • Demonstrated electromechanical coupling between the two paced hearts.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed system shows promise for energy-efficient, distributed cardiac pacing.
    • This technology offers a potential solution for advanced cardiac resynchronization therapies.
    • Highlights the feasibility of simultaneous multi-site heart pacing via wireless power transfer.