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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Upper Limbs01:12

Arteries of the Upper Limbs

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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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The human circulatory system, a marvel of biological engineering, is a complex network of vessels that transport blood throughout the body. Among these, the veins responsible for carrying blood from the upper limbs are divided into two categories: deep and superficial.
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Arteries of Lower Limbs01:20

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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients With a Digital Occupational Training System
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Wearable EMG Shirt for Upper Limb Training.

Esteban J Pino, Yerko Arias, Pablo Aqueveque

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    This wearable shirt uses dry electrodes to monitor upper limb muscle activity during exercise. It employs the Dimitrov index for superior muscle fatigue detection compared to traditional methods.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Sports Science
    • Wearable Technology

    Background:

    • Electromyography (EMG) is crucial for understanding muscle function during physical activity.
    • Accurate, real-time EMG monitoring can optimize athletic training and prevent injury.
    • Existing wearable EMG systems often lack robust fatigue detection capabilities.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and evaluate a wearable EMG system for real-time upper limb muscle activity monitoring during exercise.
    • To assess the efficacy of the Dimitrov index for detecting muscle fatigue in athletes.
    • To provide actionable feedback for improving training protocols.

    Main Methods:

    • A wearable shirt equipped with 6-channel dry electrodes was designed.
    • EMG signals were wirelessly transmitted via Bluetooth to a PC for analysis.
    • The Dimitrov index was implemented for muscle fatigue detection, alongside traditional frequency analysis.

    Main Results:

    • The system successfully acquired and transmitted EMG data wirelessly.
    • The Dimitrov index demonstrated superior performance in identifying muscle fatigue compared to mean/median frequency tracking.
    • Real-time feedback on exercise performance and fatigue was provided.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed wearable EMG shirt offers a promising tool for athletes and coaches.
    • The Dimitrov index provides a more effective method for muscle fatigue assessment in wearable systems.
    • This technology can significantly enhance training protocols and performance monitoring.