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Related Concept Videos

Conformity01:20

Conformity

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Conformity is the change in a person’s behavior to go along with the group, even if that person does not agree with the group.
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Conformations of Butane02:20

Conformations of Butane

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Unlike ethane and propane that have only two major conformations, butane has more than two conformers. The staggered form of butane in which the bulky methyl groups on the two carbons are placed on opposite sides, that is, at a dihedral angle of 180°, is the lowest energy, most stable form — called the anti conformer. This conformation is stabilized due to the absence of steric repulsion between the largely spaced out methyl groups. The other two staggered conformations are...
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Conformations of Cycloalkanes02:29

Conformations of Cycloalkanes

14.4K
Adolf von Baeyer attempted to explain the instabilities of small and large cycloalkane rings using the concept of angle strain — the strain caused by the deviation of bond angles from the ideal 109.5° tetrahedral value for sp3  hybridized carbons. However, while cyclopropane and cyclobutane are strained, as expected from their highly compressed bond angles, cyclopentane is more strained than predicted, and cyclohexane is virtually strain-free. Hence, Baeyer’s theory that...
14.4K
Conformations of Cyclohexane02:11

Conformations of Cyclohexane

15.7K
Cyclohexane does not exist in a planar form due to the high angle and torsional strain it would experience in the planar structure. Instead, it adopts non-planar chair and boat conformations.
The chair form is the most stable and derives its name from its resemblance to the “easy chair.” In the chair conformation, two carbon atoms are arranged out-of-plane — one above and one below, minimizing the torsional strain. In the chair form, the bond angle is very close to the ideal...
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Conformations of Ethane and Propane02:18

Conformations of Ethane and Propane

17.1K
In an organic molecule, free rotation about the carbon-carbon single bond results in energetically different conformers of the molecule. Due to this rotation, called the internal rotation, ethane has two major conformations — staggered and eclipsed.
Staggered conformation is a low energy and more stable conformation with the C-H bonds on the front carbon placed at 60°dihedral angles relative to the C-H bonds on the back carbon, leading to a reduced torsional strain. In staggered...
17.1K
Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane02:02

Chair Conformation of Cyclohexane

18.6K
The chair conformation is the most stable form of cyclohexane due to the absence of angle and torsional strain. The absence of angle strain is a result of cyclohexane’s bond angle being very close to the ideal tetrahedral bond angle of 109.5° in its chair conformer. Similarly, the torsional strain is also absent owing to the perfectly staggered arrangement of bonds.
The hydrogen atoms linked to carbons are arranged in two different axial and equatorial orientations to achieve this...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Subdural Soft Electrocorticography ECoG Array Implantation and Long-Term Cortical Recording in Minipigs
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Achieving Ultra-Conformability With Polyimide-Based ECoG Arrays.

Maria Vomero, Maria Francisca Porto Cruz, Elena Zucchini

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Ultra-conformable polyimide micro-electrode arrays for electrocorticography (ECoG) offer high sensitivity. Optimizing thickness and using an on-skull reference enhance signal quality and reduce crosstalk for improved neural recordings.

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    Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping
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    High-density EEG Recordings of the Freely Moving Mice using Polyimide-based Microelectrode
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    Recording Human Electrocorticographic ECoG Signals for Neuroscientific Research and Real-time Functional Cortical Mapping
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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Electrocorticography (ECoG) micro-electrode arrays balance invasiveness and signal quality.
    • Ultra-conformable arrays are crucial for high-sensitivity neural recordings on curved surfaces.
    • Polyimide-based thin-film arrays are investigated for their potential in ECoG applications.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess technical factors influencing the performance of ultra-conformable polyimide-based μECoG arrays.
    • To evaluate the impact of material properties, electrode design, and reference placement on signal acquisition.
    • To optimize thin-film array design for enhanced neural recording capabilities.

    Main Methods:

    • Finite element modeling to assess array conformability.
    • Electrochemical characterization, including impedance spectroscopy.
    • In vivo recordings of sensorimotor evoked potentials (SEPs) in rats.
    • Evaluation of electrode size, in vitro impedance, reference type, and shielding effects.

    Main Results:

    • Polyimide thin-film conformability is achievable by adjusting thickness to match anatomical curvature.
    • Intrinsic thermal noise of platinum and gold electrodes is estimated at 3-5 μV.
    • Electrode size and in vitro impedance did not affect recorded SEP amplitude.
    • An on-skull reference electrode yielded higher SEP amplitudes compared to an on-array reference.
    • A grounded metal shield effectively reduced crosstalk without compromising recording quality.

    Conclusions:

    • Polyimide thin-film arrays can be engineered for ultra-conformability through thickness optimization.
    • On-skull reference placement is superior for maximizing SEP amplitude in ECoG recordings.
    • Grounded shielding is a viable strategy for mitigating crosstalk in high-density micro-electrode arrays.