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Related Concept Videos

Cranial and Spinal Meninges01:19

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

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The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves, with the first six being essential in sensory perception, motor control, and autonomic functions related to the head and neck.
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Cranial Nerves: Types Part II01:22

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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The cranial part of the parasympathetic division plays a crucial role in regulating the visceral functions of the head and specific structures in the neck, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division exit the brain through cranial nerves III (oculomotor), VII (facial), IX (glossopharyngeal), and X (vagus), delivering parasympathetic output to the respective visceral structures.
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The cranial nerves are an important part of the complex network of nerves in the human body. These nerves emerge directly from the brain and are responsible for transmitting essential information between the brain and various parts of the head and neck. There are 12 pairs of cranial nerves, systematically numbered using Roman numerals from I to XII, beginning from the anterior and moving to the posterior of the brain. Each cranial nerve is uniquely identified by names that reflect its function...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Chronic Cranial Window Technique for Repeated Cortical Recordings During Anesthesia in Pigs
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3D Printed Cranial Window System for Chronic μECoG Recording.

Brinnae Bent, Ashley J Williams, Ryan Bolick

    Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference
    |November 17, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study introduces a novel system for chronic electrophysiology, enabling simultaneous recording and visualization of tissue response. This 3D printed device advances long-term brain-computer interface research.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Biomedical Engineering
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Chronic studies of flexible microelectrocorticography (μECoG) electrodes are hindered by the lack of methods to assess long-term tissue response.
    • Understanding the electrode-brain interface over time is crucial for developing reliable neural implants.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel 3D printed system for chronic electrophysiology.
    • To enable simultaneous μECoG recording and in-situ visualization of tissue response.
    • To facilitate future applications in optogenetics and advanced imaging.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a 3D printed system integrating epidural μECoG recording.
    • Incorporation of light microscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) for tissue visualization.
    • Inclusion of interchangeable electrodes/electronics and a flushing port for drug/saline delivery.

    Main Results:

    • The system successfully combines electrophysiological recording with real-time tissue response imaging.
    • The modular design allows for flexibility in electrode and electronics configuration.
    • The flushing port enables potential for targeted drug delivery or tissue maintenance.

    Conclusions:

    • This integrated system overcomes limitations in chronic μECoG studies by allowing temporal assessment of tissue response.
    • The 3D printed platform offers a versatile tool for advancing chronic electrophysiology, optogenetics, and neural imaging.
    • This technology holds significant promise for long-term neural interface development and therapeutic interventions.