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Related Concept Videos

Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

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Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
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The eukaryotic promoter region is a segment of DNA located upstream of a gene. It contains an RNA polymerase binding site, a transcription start site, and several cis-regulatory sequences.  The proximal promoter region is located in the vicinity of the gene and has cis-regulatory sequences and the core promoter. The core promoter is the binding site for RNA polymerase and is usually located between -35 and +35 nucleotides from the transcription start site. The distal promoter regions are...
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Cis-regulatory sequences are short fragments of non-coding DNA that are present on the same chromosomes as the genes that they regulate. These fragments serve as binding sites for transcriptional regulators, proteins that are responsible for controlling gene transcription and differential gene expression across cell types in eukaryotes. Cis-regulatory sequences can be close to the gene of interest or thousands of bases away in the DNA sequence; however, those sequences that are further away are...
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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Enhanced Yeast One-hybrid Screens To Identify Transcription Factor Binding To Human DNA Sequences
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Classifying human promoters by occupancy patterns identifies recurring sequence elements, combinatorial binding, and

Xinyi Yang1, Martin Vingron2

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany, Ihnestraße 63-73, Berlin, 14195, Germany.

BMC Biology
|November 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified distinct human promoter groups based on transcription factor binding and DNA sequences. This reveals new insights into gene regulation and the evolution of promoter elements.

Keywords:
BiclusteringPromoter-enhancer interactionPromotersTranscription factor combinatorics

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Promoter Capture Hi-C: High-resolution, Genome-wide Profiling of Promoter Interactions
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Bioinformatics

Background:

  • Identifying recurring sequence patterns in human promoters is complex.
  • Genomic location data, such as ChIP-seq, enables analysis of transcription factor occupancy and histone modifications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-analyze human promoter occupancy and sequence patterns using ENCODE data.
  • To identify distinct groups of promoters based on sequence motifs and transcription factor binding.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of ENCODE annotation, sequence motifs, and 3D chromatin data.
  • Re-analysis of transcription factor occupancy and histone modification patterns using ChIP-seq data.

Main Results:

  • Identified distinct promoter groups associated with CAAT-box and E-box motifs.
  • Discovered CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) mediated enhancer-promoter interactions.
  • Found a small number of inactive promoters are repressed by the polycomb complex.
  • Observed combinatorial patterns of transcription factor interactions.

Conclusions:

  • Defined promoter subgroups with characteristic transcription factor occupancy and sequence patterns.
  • Generated new hypotheses on transcription factor complex assembly, dynamics, and evolutionary origins.