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Related Concept Videos

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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Asthma is a chronic respiratory ailment that requires careful management due to its varying symptoms and influencing factors. It is characterized by airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and reversible airflow obstruction, leading to symptoms like wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. The symptom frequency and intensity may vary considerably over time. It is also linked to immune system responses to allergens and irritants, highlighting the complex...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Training Rats to Voluntarily Dive Underwater: Investigations of the Mammalian Diving Response
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[Diving and asthma: Literature review].

A Muller1, M Rochoy1

  • 1Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.

Revue De Pneumologie Clinique
|November 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Scuba diving may be possible for some asthmatics, but risks like bronchospasm exist. Medical evaluations are crucial for asthmatic divers to ensure safety and compliance with evolving guidelines.

Keywords:
AirAsthmeBronchial spasmBronchospasmeDivingEmbolie gazeuseEmbolismMal de décompressionPlongéeReviewRevue de la littératureasthmadecompression sickness

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Area of Science:

  • Diving Medicine
  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Historically, scuba diving was prohibited for individuals with asthma.
  • Current recommendations are shifting towards conditional authorization for asthmatic divers.
  • A literature review was conducted to assess risks and recommendations for asthmatic scuba divers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing literature on the risks of scuba diving for asthmatics.
  • To analyze current recommendations regarding asthmatic individuals participating in scuba diving.
  • To identify factors influencing the safety of scuba diving for people with asthma.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was performed using MEDLINE and LiSSa databases.
  • Keywords used included "asthma AND diving" and "asthme plongée".
  • Studies published in French, English, or Spanish until June 2018 were analyzed, along with their references.

Main Results:

  • Sixty-five articles were included in the review.
  • Bronchospasm is a documented risk, especially in cold/deep water or with allergen exposure.
  • Epidemiological data do not indicate an increased risk of barotrauma, decompression sickness, or arterial gas embolism in asthmatics.
  • International societies recommend excluding divers with moderate-to-severe persistent asthma, low FEV1, recent asthma exacerbations, exercise/cold-induced asthma, or poor fitness.

Conclusions:

  • Diving medical examinations for asthmatics should assess asthma control, exacerbation frequency, and treatment adherence.
  • Standardizing recommendations is necessary for better practice frameworks and larger research studies.
  • Disseminating current guidelines is vital for divers, instructors, and physicians involved in scuba diving.