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Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among living organisms, and one in which carbon is cycled over long periods of time through fossilized organic remains, weathering of rocks, and volcanic activity. Human activities, including increased agricultural practices and the burning of fossil fuels, has greatly affected the balance of the natural carbon cycle.
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Atmospheric CO2 penetrates the concrete's pores and, in the presence of moisture, forms carbonic acid, which then reacts with calcium hydroxide in the hydrated cement, forming calcium carbonate. This process reduces the concrete's volume and is termed carbonation shrinkage.
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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

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Reducing Uncertainties in Carbonate Clumped Isotope Analysis Through Consistent Carbonate-Based Standardization.

Stefano M Bernasconi1, Inigo A Müller1, Kristin D Bergmann2

  • 1Geological Institute ETH Zürich Zürich Switzerland.

Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems : G(3)
|November 17, 2018
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Summary

Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry is expanding but faces challenges. Using carbonate standards improves data comparability across laboratories, enhancing the reliability of Earth Science applications.

Keywords:
carbonateclumped isotopesmass spectrometrypaleothermometrystandardization

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Area of Science:

  • Earth Sciences
  • Geochemistry
  • Paleoclimatology

Background:

  • Carbonate clumped isotope thermometry offers insights into Earth's past.
  • High analytical precision and complex procedures currently limit its widespread application.
  • Interlaboratory data discrepancies hinder robust interpretations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review analytical and standardization procedures in carbonate clumped isotope thermometry.
  • To address uncertainties and improve interlaboratory data comparability.
  • To propose a method for enhancing the reliability of temperature calibrations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of analytical and standardization evolution.
  • Proposal and testing of carbonate standards for data projection.
  • Correction for mass spectrometric biases using diverse carbonate standards.

Main Results:

  • Carbonate standards effectively project results to the carbon dioxide equilibrium scale.
  • Use of carbonate standards reduces uncertainties in gas preparation and cleaning.
  • Demonstrated significant improvement in interlaboratory data comparability among four labs.

Conclusions:

  • Utilizing carbonate standards enhances data consistency across different laboratories.
  • This approach helps resolve long-standing discrepancies in temperature calibrations.
  • Widespread adoption of carbonate standards will advance the field of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry.