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Longitudinal Research

Longitudinal Research

Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...

Longitudinal Studies

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Position-effect Variegation

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Serial Position Effect

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Pulse Wave Velocity Testing in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging

Published on: February 7, 2014

A salutogenic inquiry into positive aging - a longitudinal analysis.

Ulrich Wiesmann¹, Hans-Joachim Hannich¹

¹Institute for Medical Psychology, University Medicine Greifswald , Greifswald , Germany.

Aging & Mental Health

|November 17, 2018

Summary

Sense of coherence in older adults can improve over time and predicts positive aging. Maintaining comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness enhances well-being and psychological health.

Keywords:

Sense of coherence positive aging: longitudinal study subjective well-being

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Area of Science:

Gerontology
Salutogenesis
Positive Psychology

Background:

Sense of coherence (SOC) is a key salutogenic resource for older adults.
Longitudinal data on SOC stability and its impact on positive aging indicators are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate SOC stability over four years in active older individuals.
To examine the long-term effects of SOC on subjective well-being, psychological health, and physical health.
To explore the association between gain in SOC and future positive aging.

Main Methods:

Longitudinal study with 125 physically active older adults (mean age 71).
Questionnaire administered twice over a four-year period.
Analysis included baseline SOC, gain in SOC, and positive aging indicators.

Main Results:

Sense of coherence increased slightly over four years.
Baseline SOC predicted future subjective well-being and psychological health.
Gain in SOC predicted future subjective well-being, psychological health, and physical health.

Conclusions:

Baseline SOC effectively predicts future positive aging.
Growth in SOC over four years is linked to improved positive aging outcomes.
Encouraging experiences that foster comprehensibility, manageability, and meaningfulness is crucial for older adults.