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Do humans spread zoonotic enteric bacteria in Antarctica?

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Zoonotic enteric bacteria, including Salmonella and Campylobacter, were found in Antarctic seabirds, suggesting human-to-animal transmission. This highlights the need for enhanced biosecurity measures to protect wildlife from human impacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Ecology
  • Wildlife Health

Background:

  • Reports suggest enteric bacteria spread from humans to Antarctic wildlife, but evidence is limited.
  • Investigating zoonotic bacteria in seabirds and poultry in the Antarctic and subantarctic regions is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the occurrence and transmission of zoonotic enteric bacteria in Antarctic and subantarctic seabirds.
  • To compare findings with poultry samples from a subantarctic island.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling of seabirds across Antarctic and subantarctic regions.
  • Sampling of poultry on a subantarctic island for comparative analysis.
  • Detection and characterization of enteric bacteria, including Salmonella and Campylobacter species, and antibiotic resistance profiling.

Main Results:

  • Detection of zoonotic Salmonella serovar Enteritidis and Campylobacter species (e.g., C. jejuni) in seabirds.
  • Identification of antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter lari isolates to ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin.
  • Discovery of specific C. jejuni genotypes in seabirds that are typically found in humans and domestic animals.

Conclusions:

  • Evidence suggests reverse zoonosis of enteric bacteria from humans to Antarctic seabirds.
  • Seabird connectivity, particularly skuas, facilitates the spread of zoonotic agents within Antarctic wildlife.
  • Stricter biosecurity measures are essential to mitigate human impact on Antarctic ecosystems.