Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics02:59

Animal Mitochondrial Genetics

9.2K
Among all the organelles in an animal cell, only mitochondria have their own independent genomes. Animal mitochondrial DNA is a double-stranded, closed-circular molecule with around 20,000 base pairs. Mitochondrial DNA is unique in that one of its two strands, the heavy, or H, -strand is guanine rich, whereas the complementary strand is cytosine rich and called the light, or L, -strand. Compared to nuclear DNA, mitochondrial DNA has a very low percentage of non-coding regions and is marked by...
9.2K
Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes02:16

Comparing Mitochondrial, Chloroplast, and Prokaryotic Genomes

16.1K
The present-day mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes have retained some of the characteristics of their ancestral prokaryotes and also have acquired new attributes during their evolution within eukaryotic cells. Like prokaryotic genomes, mitochondrial and chloroplast genomes neither bind with histone-like proteins nor show complex packaging into chromosome-like structures, as observed in eukaryotes. Unlike mitotic cell divisions observed in eukaryotic cells, mitochondria and chloroplasts...
16.1K
Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes02:19

Export of Mitochondrial and Chloroplast Genes

4.2K
A eukaryotic cell can have up to three different types of genetic systems: nuclear, mitochondrial, and chloroplast. During evolution, organelles have exported many genes to the nucleus; this transfer is still ongoing in some plant species. Approximately 18% of the Arabidopsis thaliana nuclear genome is thought to be derived from the chloroplast’s cyanobacterial ancestor, and around 75% of the yeast genome derived from the mitochondria’s bacterial ancestor. This export has occurred...
4.2K
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy01:30

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy

1.0K
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy, also known as CRRT, is a procedural treatment for acute kidney injury (AKI) that gradually removes uremic toxins and fluids while maintaining acid-base balance and stabilizing electrolytes. It is particularly useful for hemodynamically unstable patients. Unlike intermittent hemodialysis, which is faster, CRRT provides a gentler approach over 24 hours, closely mimicking the function of natural kidneys. However, CRRT is not ideal for patients with...
1.0K
The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane01:28

The Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

4.7K
The inner mitochondrial membrane is the primary site of ATP synthesis. The inner membrane domain that forms a smooth layer adjacent to the outer membrane is called the inner boundary membrane. This domain contains membrane transporters that drive metabolites in and out of the mitochondria.  In contrast, the inner membrane network that invaginates into the matrix space is called the cristae membrane. This domain accounts for principle mitochondrial function as it accommodates the protein...
4.7K
Mitochondrial Membranes01:45

Mitochondrial Membranes

17.1K
A single mitochondrion is a bean-shaped organelle enclosed by a double-membrane system. The outer membrane of mitochondria is smooth and contains many porins - the integral membrane transporters. Porins enable free diffusion of ions and small uncharged molecules through the outer mitochondrial membrane but limit the transport of molecules larger than 5000 Daltons. Further, the outer mitochondrial membrane forms a unique structure called membrane contact sites with other subcellular organelles,...
17.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Xenotransplantation and the way forward.

Journal of medical ethics·2025
Same author

Uterus transplants and Mexico's rule of law.

Journal of law and the biosciences·2024
Same author

Genealogical obscurement: mitochondrial replacement techniques and genealogical research.

Journal of medical ethics·2023
Same author

Ethical heuristics for pandemic allocation of ventilators across hospitals.

Developing world bioethics·2021
Same author

Beyond Individual Triage: Regional Allocation of Life-Saving Resources such as Ventilators in Public Health Emergencies.

Health care analysis : HCA : journal of health philosophy and policy·2021
Same author

Reproductive genome editing interventions are therapeutic, sometimes.

Bioethics·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.0K

Mexico and mitochondrial replacement techniques: what a mess.

César Palacios-González1

  • 1Oxford Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.

British Medical Bulletin
|November 17, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The first live birth using maternal spindle transfer (MST), a mitochondrial replacement technique (MRT), occurred across the USA and Mexico to bypass legal restrictions. This pioneering procedure raises significant ethical and legal questions for reproductive medicine globally.

More Related Videos

Mitochondrial Respiration Quantification in Yeast Whole Cells
07:15

Mitochondrial Respiration Quantification in Yeast Whole Cells

Published on: November 8, 2024

1.3K
An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
08:40

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes

Published on: November 21, 2016

30.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing
07:24

Genotyping Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Mitochondrial Genome by Pyrosequencing

Published on: February 10, 2023

2.0K
Mitochondrial Respiration Quantification in Yeast Whole Cells
07:15

Mitochondrial Respiration Quantification in Yeast Whole Cells

Published on: November 8, 2024

1.3K
An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes
08:40

An Optimized Protocol to Analyze Glycolysis and Mitochondrial Respiration in Lymphocytes

Published on: November 21, 2016

30.9K

Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Genetics
  • Bioethics

Background:

  • The first live birth utilizing maternal spindle transfer (MST), a type of mitochondrial replacement technique (MRT), was achieved.
  • The procedure was conducted across the USA and Mexico to circumvent existing legal prohibitions in the United States.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the implications of the first live birth via MST.
  • To examine the ethical and legal challenges posed by MRTs involving three genetic contributors.
  • To assess the need for updated legislation and international governance for novel reproductive technologies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of academic articles, news reports, legal documents, and national regulations.
  • Analysis of the cross-border execution of the MST procedure.
  • Examination of existing assisted reproduction laws in the USA and Mexico.

Main Results:

  • The pioneering MST procedure resulted in a live birth, highlighting the advancement in reproductive technologies.
  • Mitochondrial replacement techniques (MRTs) introduce complex ethical and legal considerations due to the involvement of three genetic contributors.
  • Current legislation in the USA and Mexico is insufficient to address the unique challenges presented by MRTs.

Conclusions:

  • Specific legislation is urgently required in both the USA and Mexico to govern MRTs.
  • The successful MST live birth necessitates a broader discussion on the international governance of new reproductive techniques.
  • Failure to establish clear legal frameworks could negatively impact the future of reproductive medicine.