Stone/Coating Interaction and Durability of Si-Based Photocatalytic Nanocomposites Applied to Porous Lithotypes

The use of hybrid nanocoatings for the protection of natural stones has received increasing attention over the last years. However, the interaction of these materials with stones and, in particular, its modification resulting from the blending of nanoparticles and matrices, are yet little explored. In this work, the interaction of two nanocomposite coatings (based on alkylalkoxysilane matrices and TiO₂ nanoparticles in water and 2-propanol) with two different porous stones is examined in detail by comparing their absorption behaviour and protection performance with those of the respective TiO₂-free matrices. It is shown that the protective effectiveness of both matrices is not negatively affected by the presence of TiO₂, as the desired water barrier effect is retained, while a significant photocatalytic activity is achieved. The addition of titania leads to a partial aggregation of the water-based matrix and accordingly reduces the product penetration into stones. On the positive side, a chemical interaction between titania and this matrix is observed, probably resulting in a greater stability of nanoparticles inside the protective coating. Moreover, although an effect of TiO₂ on the chemical stability of matrices is observed upon UV light exposure, the protective performance of coatings is substantially maintained after ageing, while the interaction between matrices and nanoparticles results in a good retention of the latter upon in-lab simulated rain wash-out.