Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

127.8K
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...
127.8K
Molecular Shape and Polarity03:37

Molecular Shape and Polarity

75.7K
Dipole Moment of a Molecule
75.7K
VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes02:52

VSEPR Theory and the Basic Shapes

84.9K
Overview of VSEPR Theory
84.9K
Molecular Shapes01:18

Molecular Shapes

62.0K
Molecules have characteristic shapes that are crucial for their function. The arrangement of various electron groups around the central atom dictates their molecular geometry. Electron pairs in the valence shell of a central atom will adopt an arrangement that minimizes repulsions between the electron pairs by maximizing the distance between them. The valence electrons form either bonding pairs, located primarily between bonded atoms, or lone pairs.
Two regions of electron density in a diatomic...
62.0K
First Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph01:22

First Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph

79
In calculus, the concept of the first derivative plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of a function over its domain. The first derivative, denoted as f’(x), provides insight into how a function changes at any given point, much like a cyclist adjusting speed along a winding trail. By analyzing the first derivative, mathematicians can determine where a function is increasing, decreasing, or reaching critical points.The first derivative provides a precise method for classifying...
79
Second Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph01:29

Second Derivatives and the Shape of a Graph

102
The second derivative of a function provides essential information about a graph's curvature and how it changes over an interval. It helps determine whether a function is concave upward or concave downward and identifies points where the curvature changes. These properties are fundamental in analyzing real-world scenarios, such as changes in road elevation, population growth, and economic trends.A function f(x) is considered concave upward on an interval if its graph lies above all its tangent...
102

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Palmitoylated caveolin-1 enables endosome sorting of complex sphingolipids.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025
Same author

Small cell carcinoma of the ovary hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT): About three case reports.

Gynecologic oncology reports·2025
Same author

Productive performance and meat nutritional and sensory characteristics of rabbits fed alfalfa-based diet.

Meat science·2025
Same author

Unique territorial and compartmental organization of chromosomes in the holocentric silkmoth.

Research square·2024
Same author

Studying the impact of geometrical and cellular cues on myogenesis with a skeletal muscle-on-chip.

Lab on a chip·2024
Same author

Impact of pectus excavatum on pulmonary function and exercise capacity in patients treated with 3D custom-made silicone implants.

Annales de chirurgie plastique et esthetique·2023
Same journal

Kat5 deficiency in alveolar type II cells licenses STAT6-driven glycolytic reprogramming and pulmonary fibrosis.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Continuous nonthermal slab gap formed by progressive tearing beneath Northeast Asia.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Zeolitic isolated protonic acid sites-mediated NH<sub>3</sub> storage for robust NO<sub>x</sub> removal.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Coaxially nested component with asymmetric fiber resonant cavity and separation membrane for gaseous and dissolved gases detection.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Near-unity charge readout signal in a nonlinear resonator without matching the sensor dissipation.

Nature communications·2026
Same journal

Prokaryotic Schlafen proteins cleave tRNAs during type III CRISPR immunity.

Nature communications·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices
11:13

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Published on: April 5, 2016

16.9K

Optogenetic dissection of Rac1 and Cdc42 gradient shaping.

S de Beco1, K Vaidžiulytė1, J Manzi1

  • 1Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.

Nature Communications
|November 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell migration relies on Rho GTPase gradients. Cdc42 (cell division control protein 42) gradients guide directionality, while Rac1 (Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1) gradients control speed, shaped by activators and deactivators.

More Related Videos

Optogenetic Functional MRI
06:06

Optogenetic Functional MRI

Published on: April 19, 2016

15.4K
Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
10:53

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Published on: October 8, 2014

15.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices
11:13

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Published on: April 5, 2016

16.9K
Optogenetic Functional MRI
06:06

Optogenetic Functional MRI

Published on: April 19, 2016

15.4K
Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve
10:53

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

Published on: October 8, 2014

15.1K

Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Rho GTPases are crucial regulators of cell migration, forming spatial gradients that define cellular polarity.
  • Active Cdc42 forms a steep gradient at the cell front, while active Rac1 exhibits a more extended pattern.
  • The mechanisms generating these gradient shapes and their functional significance remain incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms responsible for shaping Cdc42 and Rac1 spatial gradients during cell migration.
  • To investigate the functional role of Rho GTPase gradient morphology in controlling cell migration dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized optogenetics and micropatterning techniques to precisely control and observe Rho GTPase activity.
  • Investigated the influence of spatial patterns of Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs) and GTPase-Activating Proteins (GAPs).

Main Results:

  • Cdc42 and Rac1 gradients are established by spatial patterns of activators and deactivators, not solely by transport.
  • Cdc42 distribution directly follows Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factors (GEFs).
  • Rac1 gradient shaping is dependent on the GTPase-Activating Protein β2-chimaerin, localized via feedback mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • The spatial extent of Rho GTPase gradients dictates cell migration behavior.
  • A sharp Cdc42 gradient enhances migration directionality.
  • An extended Rac1 gradient is essential for controlling cell migration speed.