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Related Concept Videos

Concentration Cells02:41

Concentration Cells

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A concentration cell is a type of a  voltaic cell constructed by connecting two almost identical half-cells, both based on the same half-reaction and using the same electrode, differing only in the concentration of one redox species. A concentration cell's potential, therefore, is determined only by the concentration difference of the particular redox species.
Consider the following voltaic cell:
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Solution Concentration and Dilution02:59

Solution Concentration and Dilution

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The relative amount of a given solution component is known as its concentration. Often, though not always, a solution contains one component with a concentration that is significantly greater than that of all other components. This component is called the solvent and may be viewed as the medium in which the other components are dispersed or dissolved. Solutions in which water is the solvent are, of course, very common on our planet. A solution in which water is the solvent is called an aqueous...
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Stress Concentrations01:13

Stress Concentrations

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The concept of stress concentration is crucial for understanding how materials respond under bending stresses, particularly when there are irregularities or discontinuities in the material's geometry. Normally, stress in a symmetric member subjected to pure bending is assumed to be uniformly distributed across the entire cross-section. However, this assumption does not hold when there are variations in the cross-sectional geometry or the presence of notches and holes.
The stress...
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Stress Concentrations01:24

Stress Concentrations

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Stress concentration is when stress intensifies near discontinuities such as holes or abrupt cross-sectional changes in a structural member. This localized stress can often surpass the average stress within the member. The stress distribution in flat bars, either with a circular hole or varying widths connected by fillets, can be determined experimentally using a photoelastic method. The results are based on ratios of geometric parameters like the ratio of the hole's radius to the smaller...
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Concentration and Rate Law03:03

Concentration and Rate Law

38.6K
The rate of a reaction is affected by the concentrations of reactants. Rate laws (differential rate laws) or rate equations are mathematical expressions describing the relationship between the rate of a chemical reaction and the concentration of its reactants.
For example, in a generic reaction aA + bB ⟶ products, where a and b are stoichiometric coefficients, the rate law can be written as:
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Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations02:05

Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

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Being able to calculate equilibrium concentrations is essential to many areas of science and technology—for example, in the formulation and dosing of pharmaceutical products. After a drug is ingested or injected, it is typically involved in several chemical equilibria that affect its ultimate concentration in the body system of interest. Knowledge of the quantitative aspects of these equilibria is required to compute a dosage amount that will solicit the desired therapeutic effect.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Studying Cryptosporidium Infection in 3D Tissue-derived Human Organoid Culture Systems by Microinjection
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Studying Cryptosporidium Infection in 3D Tissue-derived Human Organoid Culture Systems by Microinjection

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Cryptosporidium concentrations in rivers worldwide.

Lucie C Vermeulen1, Marijke van Hengel1, Carolien Kroeze2

  • 1Environmental Systems Analysis Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands.

Water Research
|November 18, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The GloWPa-Crypto C1 model predicts global Cryptosporidium levels in rivers, identifying hotspots and showing human waste as a major pollution source. This tool aids in managing waterborne diseases worldwide.

Keywords:
GlobalModelPathogensSurface waterTransportWater quality

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A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.
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A Modified EPA Method 1623 that Uses Tangential Flow Hollow-fiber Ultrafiltration and Heat Dissociation Steps to Detect Waterborne Cryptosporidium and Giardia spp.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cryptosporidium is a major cause of diarrheal disease and infant mortality globally.
  • Understanding Cryptosporidium's riverine sources, fate, and transport is crucial for waterborne disease management, especially in developing nations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce GloWPa-Crypto C1, the first global, spatially explicit model for Cryptosporidium concentrations in rivers.
  • To identify pollution sources, model transport dynamics, and predict oocyst concentrations worldwide.

Main Methods:

  • Modeled Cryptosporidium inputs from human and animal waste.
  • Utilized hydrological data from the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model.
  • Simulated oocyst transport, decay (temperature, solar radiation), and sedimentation in river networks.

Main Results:

  • Predicted global Cryptosporidium concentrations ranging from 10^-6 to 10^2 oocysts/L.
  • Identified 'hotspots' in densely populated regions of Asia, Africa, Europe, and the Americas.
  • Determined point sources (human waste) are generally more dominant than diffuse sources (animal manure).

Conclusions:

  • GloWPa-Crypto C1 provides a valuable tool for global-scale scenario and risk analysis related to Cryptosporidium.
  • Model validation showed reasonable agreement with observed data, with potential overestimation attributed to observation limitations.
  • The model is most sensitive to variations in input oocyst loads, highlighting the importance of accurate source quantification.