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Related Concept Videos

Dry Friction01:30

Dry Friction

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Dry friction occurs between two solid surfaces in contact as they attempt to move relative to one another. In daily life, dry friction is encountered in various forms, such as when walking on the ground, sliding an object across a table, or rubbing hands together. Despite its ubiquity, the underlying mechanisms behind dry friction are not readily visible.
To illustrate this concept, imagine a wooden crate resting on a rough, non-uniform horizontal surface. When an external force is applied to...
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Drying Shrinkage01:21

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When hardened concrete is exposed to air with a relative humidity of less than 100 percent, it begins to lose the free water within its capillaries. As this water evaporates, the water initially adsorbed onto the calcium silicate hydrates migrates towards these now empty spaces and eventually evaporates as well. Over time, as more water leaves, the volume of the concrete decreases, a phenomenon known as drying shrinkage.
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Characteristics of Dry Friction01:21

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Dry friction occurs when two solid surfaces slide against each other without any lubrication or fluid present. It causes resistance when pushing objects along a surface, like a gardener pushing a wheelbarrow. The force applied to move the cart causes dry friction between the wheel and the ground.
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After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
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The Scientific Method01:32

The Scientific Method

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The scientific method is a detailed, empirical problem-solving process used by biologists and other scientists. This iterative approach involves formulating a question based on observation, developing a testable potential explanation for the observation (called a hypothesis), making and testing predictions based on the hypothesis, and using the findings to create new hypotheses and predictions.
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Chemistry is an empirical science. Scientists often pose questions to understand the chemistry in everyday life and seek answers to these questions. To achieve this, scientists follow a definitive series of steps that together make up the Scientific Method. This approach involves making observations, asking questions, building a hypothesis, conducting experiments, analyzing results, and forming a conclusion. 
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Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Intratracheal Administration of Dry Powder Formulation in Mice
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Dry inoculation methods for nonfat milk powder.

Shuxiang Liu1, Jie Xu1, Long Xie2

  • 1Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman 99164.

Journal of Dairy Science
|November 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Silicon dioxide (SiO2) and nonfat milk powder (NFMP) effectively inoculated NFMP for food safety studies. SiO2 is a viable alternative carrier for Salmonella surrogate studies in dry NFMP.

Keywords:
Salmonella and Enterococcus faeciumdry inoculationheat resistancenonfat milk powdersilicon dioxide

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Area of Science:

  • Food microbiology
  • Food safety interventions
  • Microbial inactivation

Background:

  • Validating low-moisture food safety interventions often requires inoculated carriers.
  • Dry inoculation methods are crucial for simulating real-world contamination scenarios in powdered foods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate silicon dioxide (SiO2) and nonfat milk powder (NFMP) as dry carriers for inoculating NFMP.
  • To assess the thermal resistance of Salmonella and Enterococcus faecium in NFMP using different carriers.
  • To determine the suitability of E. faecium as a Salmonella surrogate in thermally processed NFMP.

Main Methods:

  • Inoculation of SiO2 and NFMP carriers with Salmonella and E. faecium.
  • Drying, equilibration to a water activity (aw) of 0.25, and mixing with NFMP.
  • Storage of inoculated NFMP at 22°C and 30% RH for 30 days.
  • Isothermal treatments at 85, 90, and 95°C.

Main Results:

  • Both SiO2 and NFMP carriers maintained stable bacterial populations in NFMP over 30 days.
  • SiO2-inoculated NFMP showed equal or higher D-values compared to NFMP-inoculated samples.
  • Enterococcus faecium demonstrated thermal resistance comparable to Salmonella in NFMP.

Conclusions:

  • Silicon dioxide is a suitable carrier for inoculating NFMP in food safety studies.
  • Enterococcus faecium can serve as a reliable Salmonella surrogate for thermal processing validation in NFMP.
  • Dry inoculation methods using SiO2 offer a viable approach for low-moisture food safety research.