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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Function Tests01:25

Pulmonary Function Tests

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Pulmonary Function Tests (PFTs)
Pulmonary Function Tests are crucial diagnostic tools for assessing respiratory function, particularly in patients with chronic respiratory disorders. They comprehensively evaluate lung volumes, ventilatory function, breathing mechanics, diffusion, and gas exchange. These tests help diagnose pulmonary diseases and play a significant role in monitoring disease progression, evaluating disability, and assessing response to therapy.
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Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests01:24

Serum Studies: Renal Function Tests

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Renal function tests are crucial for assessing kidney health, monitoring disease progression, and evaluating the kidneys' efficiency in waste elimination, fluid balance, and electrolyte regulation. These tests offer critical insights into kidney function, even though routine measurements may appear normal until there is a significant decline in the glomerular filtration rate or GFR. Typically, signs of kidney impairment only become evident when the GFR falls to about 50% of its normal level.
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Functional Groups02:45

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of that molecule. For example, the presence of certain functional groups on a molecule will make them hydrophilic, whereas others will make them hydrophobic. These functional groups are an indispensable part of organic chemistry and important components of biological molecules, such as carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. Each...
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Lung Capacity01:47

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The air in the lungs is measured in volumes and capacities. Lung volume measures reflect the amount of air taken in, released, or left over after a lung function, like a single inhalation. Lung capacity measures are sums of two or more lung volume measures.
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William James, John Dewey, and Charles Sanders Peirce were instrumental in founding functional psychology, which draws heavily from Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. This theory suggests that individual traits, including behaviors, are adapted to their environments through natural selection. At the heart of functionalism is the concept of adaptation, meaning that a trait enhances an individual's chances of survival and reproduction.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Diagnostic Strategies and Biomarker Development for Comprehensive Lung Function Analysis
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[The new reference equations of the Global Lung function Initiative (GLI) for pulmonary function tests].

A Guillien1, Th Soumagne2, J Regnard2

  • 1Institute for Advanced Biosciences (IAB), Inserm U1209/CNRS UMR 5309, 38700 La Tronche, France.

Revue Des Maladies Respiratoires
|November 19, 2018
PubMed
Summary

The Global Lung Initiative (GLI) developed new pulmonary function test (PFT) reference equations, overcoming limitations of older models. These GLI equations provide more accurate PFT assessments across all ages and ethnicities.

Keywords:
Explorations fonctionnelles respiratoiresLimite inférieure à la normaleLower limit of normalPulmonary function testsTheoretical valuesValeurs théoriquesZ-score

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Area of Science:

  • Pulmonary Medicine
  • Respiratory Physiology
  • Medical Statistics

Background:

  • Previous pulmonary function test (PFT) reference equations had significant limitations.
  • Weak subject sampling, inefficient age-based models, and age-group specific equations hindered accuracy.
  • Expressing results as a percentage of predicted value lacked statistical significance indication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish new, improved reference equations for PFTs.
  • To address the shortcomings of existing PFT reference equations.
  • To develop equations applicable across wide age ranges and diverse ethnic groups.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized large, representative reference populations for equation development.
  • Employed a flexible statistical model without a priori age-evolution assumptions.
  • Developed a single equation for each PFT applicable across all ages.

Main Results:

  • The Global Lung Initiative (GLI) established new PFT reference equations in 2012 (spirometry) and 2017 (TLCO).
  • GLI equations provide a reference value, lower limit of normal, and z-score.
  • These incorporate age, sex, size, and ethnicity for individualized assessments.

Conclusions:

  • GLI reference equations offer a more precise and statistically robust method for PFT interpretation.
  • The new equations ensure continuity across pediatric and adult age groups.
  • Ongoing work addresses representation for underrepresented ethnic groups and extreme age/size values.