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Continuity of a Function

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A function is continuous at a point a if three conditions are met: the function is defined at a, the limit of the function as x approaches a exists, and this limit equals the function’s value. Mathematically, this is written asThis definition ensures the graph of the function does not exhibit any breaks, holes, or jumps at that point. Discontinuities occur when any of these conditions fail. A removable discontinuity exists when the two-sided limit exists but the function is either...

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Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

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Stratified Sampling Method

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers

Construction of Cyclic Cell-Penetrating Peptides for Enhanced Penetration of Biological Barriers

Published on: September 19, 2022

An injectable continuous stratified structurally and functionally biomimetic construct for enhancing osteochondral

Yanlun Zhu¹, Lingzhi Kong², Fatemeh Farhadi³

¹Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China; School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.

|November 19, 2018

Summary

This study developed a novel stratified scaffold using injectable hydrogels and stem cells to regenerate both cartilage and bone in osteochondral defects. The biomimetic construct successfully promoted tissue integration and formation in a rat model.

Keywords:

Co-cultures Continuous stratified scaffolds Injectable hydrogels Osteochondral

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Tissue Engineering

Background:

Osteochondral regeneration remains a significant clinical challenge, requiring simultaneous repair of both cartilage and subchondral bone.
Integration of newly formed tissue with host tissue is crucial for functional recovery.

Purpose of the Study:

To design and evaluate an injectable, continuous stratified scaffold for enhanced osteochondral regeneration.
To mimic the natural osteochondral structure and function using multiple cell systems and composite hydrogels.

Main Methods:

Development of a dual-hydrogel system: sodium alginate/bioglass composite with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) for bone, and sodium alginate/agarose composite with BMSCs and articular chondrocytes for cartilage.
Stratified scaffold construction to replicate native osteochondral layering.
In vivo assessment in a rat osteochondral defect model.

Main Results:

The sodium alginate/bioglass hydrogel promoted osteoblast differentiation of BMSCs.
The sodium alginate/agarose hydrogel supported chondrocyte differentiation.
In vivo implantation demonstrated successful regeneration of articular cartilage and subchondral bone with excellent integration.

Conclusions:

The developed stratified scaffold effectively mimics natural osteochondral structure and function.
This biomimetic construct promotes complete osteochondral unit regeneration and host tissue integration.
The findings offer a promising strategy for treating osteochondral defects.