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Electron Transport Chains01:28

Electron Transport Chains

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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
The ETC is comprised of...
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Ionization Energy03:12

Ionization Energy

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The amount of energy required to remove the most loosely bound electron from a gaseous atom in its ground state is called its first ionization energy (IE1). The first ionization energy for an element, X, is the energy required to form a cation with 1+ charge:
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The Electron Transport Chain01:30

The Electron Transport Chain

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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
Inhibitors of the electron transport chain
Rotenone, a widely used pesticide, prevents electron transfer from Fe-S cluster to ubiquinone or Q...
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Facilitated Transport01:19

Facilitated Transport

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The chemical and physical properties of plasma membranes cause them to be selectively permeable. Since plasma membranes have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions, substances need to be able to transverse both regions. The hydrophobic area of membranes repels substances such as charged ions. Therefore, such substances need special membrane proteins to cross a membrane successfully. In  facilitated transport, also known as facilitated diffusion, molecules and ions travel across a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 2, 2026

Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials
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Preparation and Reactivity of Gasless Nanostructured Energetic Materials

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Energy Deposition by Energetic Electrons in a Diffusive Collisional Transport Model.

A Gordon Emslie1, Nicolas H Bian1,2, Eduard P Kontar2

  • 1Department of Physics and Astronomy, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY 42101, USA.

The Astrophysical Journal
|November 20, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Including angular scattering in solar flare models significantly alters energy deposition. This study reveals a shift in atmospheric heating, crucial for understanding flare impacts.

Keywords:
Sun: X-rays, gamma raysSun: activitySun: flaresacceleration of particles

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Area of Science:

  • Solar Physics
  • Plasma Physics
  • Astrophysics

Background:

  • Solar flares release significant energy via suprathermal electrons, driving atmospheric responses.
  • Particle transport models traditionally use deterministic approaches, often neglecting angular diffusion.
  • Recent findings suggest angular diffusion is as important as deterministic scattering.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of angular scattering on energy deposition profiles in flaring atmospheres.
  • To compare energy deposition and heating profiles between diffusional and deterministic models.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a compact expression for the spatial distribution of energy deposition.
  • Compared results from a new diffusional model with the traditional deterministic approach.
  • Analyzed heating profiles, including those from return current ohmic heating.

Main Results:

  • Angular scattering causes a significant upward shift in energy deposition in the corona for unidirectional electron injection.
  • This shift is less pronounced for isotropic injection.
  • Differences in heating profiles due to return current ohmic heating were observed between the models.

Conclusions:

  • Including angular diffusion is essential for accurate modeling of energy deposition during solar flares.
  • The findings necessitate revisions to existing models of flare-driven atmospheric heating.
  • This improved understanding impacts predictions of solar flare effects on space weather.