Medial Elbow Pain During the Return-to-Throwing Period After Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction in Pitchers

Ulnar collateral ligament reconstruction (UCLR) is common in the sport of baseball, particularly among pitchers. Postoperative return-to-sport protocols have many players beginning to throw at 4 to 5 months and returning to full competition between 12 and 16 months after surgery. Medial elbow pain during the return-to-throwing period often occurs and can be difficult to manage.

To evaluate the incidence of medial elbow pain and associations with outcomes and revision surgery during the return-to-throwing period after UCLR.

Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3.

Between the years of 2002 and 2014, all pitchers who underwent UCLR at a single institution were identified. Charts were reviewed for incidence of medial elbow pain during return to throwing, return to sport, and subsequent operative interventions, including revision ulnar collateral ligament surgery.

Of a total of 616 pitchers who underwent UCLR during the study period, 317 were included in this study. Medial elbow pain was experienced by 45.1% (143 of 317), with a mean time of complaint of 9.75 months after surgery. The groups with and without pain did not differ statistically with regard to age (pain, 20.6 years; no pain, 20.9 years) or level of competition. Of those who experienced medial elbow pain, 10.5% did not return to sport; 5.6% underwent revision UCLR; and 19.6% underwent other operative procedures at the elbow. Among those who did not experience medial elbow pain when returning to throw, 8.7% did not return to sport, with only 1.7% undergoing revision UCLR and 6.9% undergoing other operative elbow procedures.

Of the pitchers evaluated in the study, approximately half reported pain during the return-to-throwing phase after UCLR. Those who experienced medial elbow pain had a higher rate of subsequent surgical intervention.