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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Hydrogeology
  • Geochemistry

Background:

  • Transient storage zones (TSZs) at river-aquifer interfaces are crucial for riverine hydrological and biogeochemical processes.
  • Radon-222 (222 Rn), a natural radioactive tracer, is ideal for studying water exchange and age within TSZs.
  • While 222 Rn measurement techniques have advanced, modeling its activity remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To simulate 222 Rn transport and decay in TSZs under steady-state and transient conditions using numerical modeling.
  • To compare model-derived water ages with conventional 222 Rn apparent ages.
  • To evaluate the accuracy of simplified apparent age models in TSZs.

Main Methods:

  • Field measurements of 222 Rn activity.
  • Numerical modeling using HydroGeoSphere (HGS).
  • Simulation of 222 Rn emanation, decay, and transport under steady-state (riffle-pool) and transient (bank storage) conditions.

Main Results:

  • HydroGeoSphere (HGS) simulations revealed systemic underestimation of 222 Rn apparent water age during steady-state conditions, particularly with high dispersion and subsurface concentration gradients.
  • A significant underestimation of apparent water age was also observed at the advective front during bank storage, where groundwater with high 222 Rn mixes with surface water.
  • Explicit modeling of 222 Rn provides a physically interpretable dataset and a method for validating simplified age models.

Conclusions:

  • Conventional 222 Rn apparent ages can significantly underestimate actual water ages in TSZs, especially under complex flow conditions.
  • Numerical modeling of radiogenic tracers like 222 Rn is essential for accurate water age determination and understanding TSZ processes.
  • This approach offers a robust framework for testing and refining simplified hydrological models.