Immunopathologic studies of cutaneous lupus erythematosus

The studies, as outlined above, strongly suggest that there may be several pathophysiologic mechanisms resulting in the development of cutaneous lupus lesions. It appears that all lupus lesions are associated predominantly with a T-cell infiltrate. Based upon the studies of the neonatal lupus infants, it has been hypothesized that the U1RNP and Ro(SS-A) autoantibodies of maternal origin play a direct pathologic role in the genesis of the annular polycyclic SCLE lesions and this may be mediated by antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity mechanisms in which the antibody binds to the respective antigen present on the keratinocyte plasma membrane and the effector cells are T cells derived from the infants. Other studies, using direct immunofluorescence techniques, have demonstrated an association of cutaneous lupus lesions occurring in the presence of immunoglobulin and complement at the dermal/epidermal junction (positive lupus band test) in which the neoantigen of the complement membrane attack complex (C5b-C9) is detected. These data have been interpreted as indicating that immunoglobulin and complement, perhaps in the form of immune complexes, may play a role in the pathogenesis of some cutaneous lupus lesions. Additional studies have determined that there is a substantial number of lupus patients with cutaneous disease, without antinuclear antibodies, who fail to demonstrate the deposition of immunoglobulin and complement at the dermal/epidermal junction. Furthermore, other studies have indicated that ultraviolet light is capable of inducing lesions in lupus patients that histologically are identical to those of cutaneous lupus erythematosus but that failed to demonstrate the deposition of the immunoglobulin and complement components. Since discoid lupus lesions demonstrate a preponderance of T cells, it has been proposed that some of these lesions are the direct result of a T-cell cytotoxic event. However, the nature of the autoantigens responsible for this putative T cell-mediated cytotoxic response is unknown at the present time. The role of ultraviolet light in the genesis of the cutaneous lupus lesions appears to involve, within the epidermis, the generation of autoantigen macromolecules which then react with autoantibodies or specific T cells of the lupus host.